Table 1.

The expected and observed proportions of female authors disaggregated by the order of authorship and the topic.

Author order and paper topic		Expected proportion		Observed proportion		Drop, %
		yesta	Sestb	yc	σxd
First
	All	0.389	0.007	0.353	0.004	9.142
	COVID-19	0.389	0.007	0.280	0.007	28.031
	Non-COVID-19	0.389	0.007	0.380	0.004	2.372
Last
	All	0.257	0.005	0.236	0.003	7.961
	COVID-19	0.257	0.005	0.209	0.007	18.812
	Non-COVID-19	0.257	0.005	0.246	0.003	4.416
Any
	All	0.354	0.003	0.348	0.002	1.578
	COVID-19	0.354	0.003	0.341	0.009	3.530
	Non-COVID-19	0.354	0.003	0.351	0.002	0.934
Solo
	All	0.210	0.030	0.137	0.008	34.586
	COVID-19	0.210	0.030	0.137	0.023	34.514
	Non-COVID-19	0.210	0.030	0.168	0.013	19.802

^ay_est: the arithmetic mean of the estimate.

^bS_est: the mean standard error of the estimate.

^cy: the arithmetic mean of the observation.

^dσ_x: the standard error of the mean of the observation.