Table 3.
Selected clinical trials of WNV vaccines
| Type of vaccine | Vaccine name (Developer) | Immunogen | Clinical trial identifier (NCT Number) |
Phase | Start | Reference | Relevant results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Live attenuated | ChimeriVax-WN02 (Sanofi Pasteur) | Chimeric vaccine encoding WNV pM and E genes in the backbone of YFV 17D | NA | I | [284] | Safe, well-tolerated, and induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies and CD4+ and CD8 + T cell responses | |
| NCT00442169 | II | 2005 | [285] | Highly immunogenic in younger, adults and the elderly, including subjects ≥65 years old | |||
| NCT00746798 | II | 2008 | [286] | Highly immunogenic and well tolerated among subjects ≥50 years old | |||
| rWN/DEN4Δ30 (NIAID) | Chimeric vaccine encoding WNV prM and E genes in the backbone of DENV-4 with a 30 nt deletion | NCT02186626 | I | 2014 | [287,288] | Safe and immunogenic in healthy adults, including those aged 50–65 |
|
| DNA | VRC-WNVDNA017-00-VP (NIAID) | DNA vaccine encoding the prM and E genes | NCT00106769 | I | 2005 | [289] | Safe and well-tolerated. Induced T cell and antibody responses |
| VRC-WNVDNA020-00-VP (NIAID) | NCT00300417 | I | 2006 | [290] | Safe and well-tolerated. Induced T cell and neutralizing antibody responses, similar responses in young and older age group | ||
| Subunit | WN-80E HBV 002 (Hawaii Biotech) |
Recombinant, truncated E protein | NCT00707642 | I | 2008 | [291] | Safe and induced seroconversion |
| Inactivated | Formalin-inactivated WNV (Nanotherapeutics Inc.) |
Formalin-inactivated whole virus |
I/II | [292] | Safe and immunogenic | ||
| HydroVax-001 (Najit Technologies) |
Hydrogen peroxide-inactivated whole virion | NCT02337868 | I | 2015 | [293] | Modestly immunogenic and well-tolerated |
NA: Not available. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT number) identifier is indicated when available