Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review.
| Study | Study design | Number of Participants | Sex (Male or Female) | Age (mean±SD or range) (years) | HbA1c at inclusion (% or range) | CSII minimum period (month) | CIPII minimum period (month) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giacca et al. 1993 (France) [39] | RCs | 5 | 1/4 | 31–50 | 7.4 | 96 hours | 3 |
| Liebl et al. 2009 (Multinational) [55] | RFUs | CIPII: 15 | CIPII: M:11/4 | CIPII: 50.5 | CIPII: 8.2 | 6 | 12 |
| CSII: 21 | CSII: M: 9/12 | CSII: 45.3 | CSII:8.3 | ||||
| Micossi et al. 1986 (Italy) [13] | NRCs | 6 | 3/3 | 22–50 | 7.25 | 12 | 1 ½ |
| Beylot et al. 1987 (France) [12] | NRCs | 4 | 3/1 | 36–51 | 7.6 (5.0–9.2) | 2 | 2 |
| Wredling, Adamson et al. 1991 (technical report) (Sweden) [53] | NRCs | 6 | 4/2 | 31–49 | 8.7 (7.0–9.5) | 12 | 15 |
| Wredling, Liu et al. 1991 (Sweden) [54] | NRCs | 6 | 4/2 | 31–49 | 7.7–10.2 | 24 | 6.9 |
| Georgopoulos et al. 1992 (USA) [38] | NRCs | 7 | 5/2 | 19–40 | 9.83 (7.4–12.0) | ND | 12 |
| Pitt et al. 1992 (USA) [18] | NRCs | 10 | 8/2 | 19–56 | 9.1 | 3 | 34a |
| Renard et al. 1993 (France) [22] | NRCs | 8 | 6/2 | 31–53 | ND | 2.4 | 12 |
| Georgopoulos et al 1994 (USA) [17] | NRCs | 8 | 5/3 | 37±7 | 9.4 | ND | 6 |
| Lassmann-Vague et al. 1994 (short communication) (France) [44] | NRCs | 11 | 5/6 | 21–48 | 7.0 | 6 | 3 |
| Raccah et al. 1994 (letter) (France) [51] | NRCs | 11 | 6/5 | 21–48 | 6.9 | 3 | 10 |
| Schnell et al. 1994 (Germany) [52] | NRCs | 5 | 1/4 | 25–62 | 9.8 | 39 | 12 |
| Lassmann-Vague et al. 1995/1998 (article/letter) (France) [20, 21] | NRCs | 15 | 8/9 | ND | ND | 1 | 24 |
| Guerci et al. 1996 (France) [40] | NRCs | 14 | 9/5 | 40±6.2 | 6.1 | 14.2 | 4 |
| Hanaire-Broutin et al. 1996 (France) [41] | NRCs | 18 | 11/7 | 25–65 | 7.6 | 3 | 12 |
| Lassmann-Vague et al. 1996 (France) [43] | NRCs | 11 | 6/5 | 36.9±9 | 7.7 | ND | 2 |
| Pacifico et al. 1997 (Italy) [32] | NRCs | 8 | 5/4 | 18–50 | 6.5 | 3 | 12 |
| Oskarsson et al. 1999 (Sweden) [50] | NRCs | 7 | 5/2 | 36–50 | 8.5 | 6 | 11 |
| Oskarsson et al. 2000 (Sweden) [49] | NRCs | 7 | 5/2 | 36–50 | 8.6 | 12 | 11 |
| Duvillard et al. 2005/2007 (brief report/article) (France) [36, 37] | NRCs | 7 | 6/1 | 48±6.5 | 7.34 | ND | 3 |
| Liebl et al. 2013/2014 (c.p) (Germany) [45–48] | NRCs | 12 | 2/10 | 28–82 | 9.0 | ND | 12 |
| Dassau et al. 2017 (France) [35] | NRCs | 10 | 7/3 | 18–65 | 7.7 | 102 | 1 |
| Jeandidier et al. 1992 (preliminary results) (France) [42] | Retro.Cs | 8 | ND | 33.5±2.9 | 6.64 | ND | 10 |
| Catargi et al. 2002 (France) [34] | Retro.Cs | 14 | 5/9 | 50.6±12.8 | 7.8 | 1.5 | 3 |
| Jeandidier et al. 2002 (France) [57] | NRFUs | CIPII: 13 | CIPII: 6/7 | CIPII: 36.8±1.7 | CIPII: ND | 6 | 6 |
| CSII: 11 | CSII: 6/5 | CSII: ND | |||||
| CSII: 43.1±3.4 | |||||||
| Van Dijk et al. 2016 | NRFUs | CIPII: 39 | CIPII: 14/25 | CIPII: 18–70 | CIPII: 8.3 | 48 | 48 |
| Van Dijk et al. 2020 (The Netherlands) [23, 62] | CSII: 74 | CSII: 30/44 | CSII: 48±12 | CSII: 7.9 | |||
| Colette et al. 1989 (France) [63] | C-Cs | CIPII: 13 | CIPII: ND | CIPII: 30±3 | CIPII: 8.0 | 7 | 10 |
| CSII: 11 | CSII: ND | CSII: 32±3 | CSII: 8.9 | ||||
| Selam et al. 1989 (UK) [19] | C-Cs | CIPII: 6 | CIPII: 4/2 | CIPII: 25–43 | CIPII: 8.3 | 12 | 6 |
| CSII: 8 | CSII: 5/3 | CSII: 26–67 | CSII: 8.7 | ||||
| Walter et al. 1989 (Germany) [33] | C-Cs | CIPII: 6 | CIPII: 6/0 | CIPII:21–39 | CIPII:8.0 | 6 | 3 |
| CSII: 6 | CSII: 6/0 | CSII:23–31 | CSII:7.9 | ||||
| Hedman et al. 2009/2014; Arnqvist et al. 2010 (c.p/article; c.p) (Sweden) [58–60] | C-Cs | CIPII: 10 | CIPII: 5/5 | CIPII: 53.1±9.1 | CIPII: 8.6 | 6 | 6 |
| CSII:20 | CSII:10/10 | CSII:7.9 | |||||
| CSII:52.8±9.0 | |||||||
| Catargi et al 2000 (case report) (France) [56] | CR | 1 | 1/0 | 32 | ND | 6 | 1.5 |
RCs, randomised crossover study; RFUs, randomised follow-up study; NRCs, non-randomised crossover study; Retro.Cs, retrospective crossover study; C-Cs, case-control study; NRFUs, non-randomised follow-up study; CR, case report; CIPII, continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; ND, no data available; c.p, conference poster; a, available glycaemic control data for the first 18 months.