Table 1: Patient Characteristics at Hospitalization for COVID-19.
Stratified by (A) continued statin during hospitalization (Continued), (B) discontinued statin during hospitalization (Discontinued), (C) newly initiated statin during hospitalization (Newly Initiated), and (D) no statin prior to admission nor during hospitalization (Never).
| Total 1,179 subjects | (A) Continued (n=466) | (B) Discontinued (n=42) | (C) Newly Initiated (n=311) | (D) Never (n=360) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Male sex, n/N (%) | 298/466 (63.9%) | 26/42 (61.9%) | 173/311 (55.6%) | 179/360 (49.7%) | 0.001 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 68 (59–78) [n=466] | 70 (58–78) [n=42] | 55 (43–66) [n=311] | 48 (35–62) [n=360] | <0.001 |
| Age > 65, n/N (%) | 265/466 (56.9%) | 24/42 (57.1%) | 83/311 (26.7%) | 71/360 (19.7%) | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity, n/N (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 1. White | 233/457 (51%) | 23/42 (54.8%) | 84/301 (27.9%) | 114/355 (32.1%) | |
| 2. Black or African American | 40/457 (8.8%) | 7/42 (16.7%) | 43/301 (14.3%) | 37/355 (10.4%) | |
| 3. Hispanic | 131/457 (28.7%) | 10/42 (23.8%) | 129/301 (42.9%) | 159/355 (44.8%) | |
| 4. Other (American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, others) | 53/457 (11.6%) | 2/42 (4.8%) | 45/301 (15%) | 45/355 (12.7%) | |
| Active smoker, n/N (%) | 24/442 (5.4%) | 7/37 (18.9%) | 15/275 (5.5%) | 39/330 (11.8%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 29 (26–34) [n=430] | 29 (25–32) [n=38] | 30 (26–34) [n=290] | 29 (25–34) [n=316] | 0.735 |
| BMI >= 30, n/N (%) | 192/430 (44.7%) | 14/38 (36.8%) | 141/290 (48.6%) | 146/316 (46.2%) | 0.500 |
| Comorbidities on Admission, n/N (%) | |||||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 140/466 (30%) | 6/42 (14.3%) | 9/311 (2.9%) | 12/360 (3.3%) | <0.001 |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 90/466 (19.3%) | 6/42 (14.3%) | 15/311 (4.8%) | 19/360 (5.3%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 349/466 (74.9%) | 29/42 (69%) | 130/311 (41.8%) | 100/360 (27.8%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 261/466 (56%) | 24/42 (57.1%) | 76/311 (24.4%) | 42/360 (11.7%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 320/466 (68.7%) | 19/42 (45.2%) | 59/311 (19%) | 46/360 (12.8%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 121/458 (26.4%) | 9/41 (22%) | 31/299 (10.4%) | 32/356 (9%) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis | 18/458 (3.9%) | 1/41 (2.4%) | 7/299 (2.3%) | 6/356 (1.7%) | 0.238 |
| Chronic liver Disease** | 37/458 (8.1%) | 5/41 (12.2%) | 30/299 (10%) | 36/353 (10.2%) | 0.567 |
| Alcohol-related Cirrhosis | 4/458 (0.9%) | 2/41 (4.9%) | 5/299 (1.7%) | 4/353 (1.1%) | 0.161 |
| NAFLD | 22/458 (4.8%) | 0/41 (0%) | 16/299 (5.4%) | 14/353 (4%) | 0.499 |
| Current Viral Hepatitis | 18/466 (3.9%) | 1/42 (2.4%) | 11/311 (3.5%) | 25/360 (6.9%) | 0.125 |
| HIV | 6/413 (1.5%) | 0/40 (0%) | 4/283 (1.4%) | 6/329 (1.8%) | 0.947 |
| History of Cancer | 88/459 (19.2%) | 10/42 (23.8%) | 43/298 (14.4%) | 32/354 (9%) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary Disease | 167/461 (36.2%) | 14/41 (34.1%) | 76/301 (25.2%) | 91/357 (25.5%) | 0.001 |
| COPD | 71/461 (15.4%) | 6/41 (14.6%) | 20/301 (6.6%) | 23/357 (6.4%) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 60/461 (13%) | 7/41 (17.1%) | 37/301 (12.3%) | 55/357 (15.4%) | 0.548 |
| ILD | 3/461 (0.7%) | 0/41 (0%) | 3/301 (1%) | 3/357 (0.8%) | 0.938 |
| Home oxygen supplementation | 14/461 (3%) | 1/41 (2.4%) | 3/301 (1%) | 3/357 (0.8%) | 0.065 |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | 46/466 (9.9%) | 4/42 (9.5%) | 16/311 (5.1%) | 12/360 (3.3%) | 0.001 |
| History of organ transplant | 13/462 (2.8%) | 2/41 (4.9%) | 6/301 (2%) | 7/356 (2%) | 0.480 |
| Treatment with immunosuppressing agent in the past 6 months | 36/448 (8%) | 4/38 (10.5%) | 16/295 (5.4%) | 22/353 (6.2%) | 0.366 |
| Medications at Presentation to Care, n/N (%) | |||||
| Type and dose of statin (at PTC) | 0.358 | ||||
| Atorvastatin | 309/458 (67.5%) | 28/41 (68.3%) | |||
| Atorvastatin 10mg-20mg | 95/309 (30.7%) | 7/28 (25%) | |||
| Atorvastatin 40mg-60mg | 116/309 (37.5%) | 12/28 (42.9%) | |||
| Atorvastatin 80mg | 85/309 (27.5%) | 7/28 (25%) | |||
| Unknown Dosage | 13/309 (4.2%) | 2/28 (7.1%) | |||
| Rosuvastatin | 39/458 (8.5%) | 1/41 (2.4%) | |||
| Other Statins | 110/458 (24%) | 12/41 (29.3%) | |||
| Type and dose of statin (during hospitalization) | |||||
| Atorvastatin | 331/434 (76.3%) | 274/285 (96.1%) | <0.001 | ||
| Atorvastatin 10mg-20mg | 76/331 (23%) | 53/274 (19.3%) | |||
| Atorvastatin 40mg-60mg | 138/331 (41.7%) | 147/274 (53.6%) | |||
| Atorvastatin 80mg | 117/331 (35.3%) | 74/274 (27%) | |||
| Unknown Dosage | 0/331 (0%) | 0/274 (0%) | |||
| Rosuvastatin | 33/434 (7.6%) | 6/285 (2.1%) | |||
| Other Statins | 70/434 (16.1%) | 5/285 (1.8%) | |||
| Duration of pre-admission statin use at PTC | |||||
| <= 1 year | 54/466 (11.6%) | 4/42 (9.5%) | |||
| >1 year | 244/466 (52.4%) | 23/42 (54.8%) | 0.973 | ||
| Unknown | 168/466 (36.1%) | 15/42 (35.7%) | |||
| ACE Inhibitor | 116/466 (24.9%) | 4/42 (9.5%) | 30/311 (9.6%) | 33/360 (9.2%) | <0.001 |
| Azithromycin | 17/457 (3.7%) | 2/42 (4.8%) | 18/302 (6%) | 22/353 (6.2%) | 0.326 |
| Immunosuppressants | 42/466 (9%) | 3/42 (7.1%) | 20/311 (6.4%) | 22/360 (6.1%) | 0.396 |
| Oral Steroid | 29/466 (6.2%) | 3/42 (7.1%) | 13/311 (4.2%) | 17/360 (4.7%) | 0.512 |
| Immunomodulators | 13/466 (2.8%) | 2/42 (4.8%) | 10/311 (3.2%) | 8/360 (2.2%) | 0.598 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 4/466 (0.9%) | 0/42 (0%) | 3/311 (1%) | 3/360 (0.8%) | 1.000 |
| Presentation to Care, n/N (%) | |||||
| Symptomatic (yes/no) | 439/462 (95%) | 36/40 (90%) | 305/309 (98.7%) | 333/357 (93.3%) | 0.001 |
| First Available Labs, median (IQR)*** | |||||
| White blood cell count, /μL | 6.5 (4.9–8.3) [n=466] | 7.1 (5.2–10.5) [n=40] | 6.8 (5.2–9.2) [n=311] | 6.7 (4.9–9.2) [n=349] | 0.152 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 40 (28–56) [n=463] | 58 (30–121) [n=38] | 44 (31–65) [n=311] | 48 (30–72) [n=338] | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 27 (18–42) [n=463] | 34 (23–62) [n=38] | 34 (21–58) [n=311] | 34 (21–66) [n=338] | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) [n=463] | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) [n=38] | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) [n=311] | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) [n=339] | 0.125 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 86 (67–108) [n=463] | 91 (69–127) [n=38] | 75 (59–95) [n=311] | 80 (62–108) [n=338] | <0.001 |
| Troponin, ng/L | 17 (8–39) [n=451] | 39 (14–90) [n=38] | 8 (6–17) [n=305] | 7 (6–18) [n=322] | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 74 (33–142) [n=459] | 85 (48–152) [n=36] | 89 (49–152) [n=311] | 68 (31–136) [n=330] | 0.001 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 41 (27–63) [n=426] | 49 (35–84) [n=32] | 42 (28–65) [n=297] | 35 (21–54) [n=295] | <0.001 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | 114 (63–217) [n=461] | 298 (82–702) [n=36] | 114 (67–223) [n=310] | 132 (65–349) [n=331] | 0.003 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 1063 (695–1812) [n=455] | 1554 (826–6580) [n=37] | 1074 (693–1770) [n=305] | 949 (608–1661) [n=329] | 0.002 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count, K/μL | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) [n=466] | 1 (0.6–1.5) [n=40] | 1 (0.7–1.3) [n=311] | 1 (0.7–1.4) [n=341] | 0.132 |
| Calendar Days Since 03/01/2020, median (IQR) | |||||
| Number of days from 03/01/2020 to hospital admission date | 43 (33–52) [n=466] | 50 (41–56) [n=42] | 37 (30–44) [n=311] | 46 (40–54) [n=360] | <0.001 |
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), ILD (interstitial lung disease), COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
*
p-values were calculated comparing all 4 groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.
**
Unknown and other chronic liver disease not presented in the table
***
Note that this is first available lab result following admission