TABLE 2. PSNR Results for the First Experiments.
| Level (K) | Image | MPA | MPAMFO | HHO | CS | GWO | GOA | SSO | PSO | MFO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | I1 | 14.002 | 16.859 | 15.233 | 14.254 | 14.123 | 13.562 | 14.598 | 11.847 | 10.774 |
| I2 | 16.250 | 16.244 | 16.563 | 15.881 | 15.612 | 15.455 | 15.964 | 12.495 | 12.476 | |
| I3 | 10.039 | 14.984 | 15.425 | 12.881 | 12.605 | 11.330 | 13.483 | 10.720 | 10.763 | |
| I4 | 14.761 | 16.697 | 16.413 | 16.211 | 16.331 | 16.025 | 16.010 | 11.028 | 10.776 | |
| I5 | 12.703 | 15.329 | 13.730 | 11.666 | 11.903 | 10.880 | 12.563 | 10.806 | 10.490 | |
| I6 | 13.417 | 13.233 | 14.552 | 11.924 | 12.183 | 11.507 | 12.603 | 10.955 | 10.374 | |
| I7 | 11.744 | 14.805 | 14.062 | 11.983 | 11.822 | 11.687 | 12.334 | 12.451 | 11.852 | |
| I8 | 13.520 | 15.269 | 14.906 | 14.489 | 14.019 | 13.397 | 14.172 | 10.551 | 10.787 | |
| I9 | 11.096 | 13.121 | 13.561 | 10.151 | 10.599 | 9.386 | 10.191 | 11.054 | 9.928 | |
| I10 | 10.716 | 15.815 | 16.429 | 14.212 | 14.424 | 13.073 | 14.702 | 13.122 | 12.049 | |
| 8 | I1 | 17.684 | 18.747 | 17.980 | 18.151 | 17.706 | 17.051 | 18.162 | 17.989 | 16.840 |
| I2 | 20.117 | 21.272 | 18.227 | 16.894 | 16.539 | 15.643 | 17.067 | 17.825 | 15.266 | |
| I3 | 11.852 | 16.635 | 17.173 | 15.720 | 15.964 | 14.909 | 16.561 | 16.278 | 16.175 | |
| I4 | 18.522 | 18.419 | 17.249 | 17.698 | 17.064 | 16.777 | 17.736 | 18.241 | 17.185 | |
| I5 | 16.222 | 17.311 | 16.168 | 16.013 | 16.157 | 15.748 | 15.723 | 16.431 | 16.054 | |
| I6 | 18.006 | 17.873 | 17.727 | 15.184 | 15.585 | 14.066 | 15.741 | 17.116 | 16.225 | |
| I7 | 14.614 | 16.541 | 16.842 | 15.996 | 15.544 | 15.139 | 16.239 | 16.022 | 15.704 | |
| I8 | 17.222 | 17.029 | 16.336 | 15.153 | 16.899 | 14.709 | 15.062 | 16.833 | 16.423 | |
| I9 | 12.830 | 16.898 | 16.934 | 15.504 | 15.424 | 14.237 | 15.663 | 14.987 | 16.155 | |
| I10 | 12.581 | 19.909 | 19.079 | 19.108 | 19.316 | 18.182 | 18.338 | 17.830 | 17.730 | |
| 15 | I1 | 22.285 | 22.327 | 23.361 | 23.013 | 21.509 | 20.835 | 22.868 | 21.847 | 20.842 |
| I2 | 23.519 | 23.664 | 23.141 | 22.437 | 22.187 | 20.035 | 22.457 | 23.379 | 20.748 | |
| I3 | 16.773 | 17.613 | 22.895 | 21.528 | 19.667 | 19.299 | 21.927 | 23.026 | 17.105 | |
| I4 | 22.004 | 21.866 | 22.179 | 21.667 | 21.685 | 19.882 | 22.547 | 22.977 | 21.057 | |
| I5 | 21.389 | 21.348 | 22.851 | 21.165 | 21.295 | 18.609 | 21.149 | 20.250 | 20.888 | |
| I6 | 21.956 | 22.574 | 23.204 | 21.151 | 20.510 | 17.751 | 21.951 | 23.115 | 22.510 | |
| I7 | 20.257 | 20.146 | 21.458 | 21.324 | 20.229 | 18.422 | 21.547 | 19.913 | 20.495 | |
| I8 | 22.289 | 22.282 | 22.649 | 21.823 | 21.299 | 18.722 | 21.601 | 21.748 | 22.505 | |
| I9 | 18.935 | 21.348 | 21.457 | 20.969 | 18.096 | 17.775 | 19.950 | 19.989 | 21.206 | |
| I10 | 19.707 | 22.813 | 23.306 | 21.459 | 21.467 | 19.492 | 21.416 | 24.165 | 20.719 | |
| 17 | I1 | 23.596 | 24.544 | 24.427 | 24.529 | 23.075 | 22.315 | 24.233 | 23.525 | 21.207 |
| I2 | 24.587 | 24.493 | 24.081 | 24.146 | 24.048 | 20.855 | 23.838 | 23.653 | 22.454 | |
| I3 | 19.227 | 23.936 | 24.209 | 23.327 | 20.658 | 20.903 | 23.356 | 24.306 | 23.505 | |
| I4 | 23.248 | 24.088 | 24.217 | 22.894 | 22.487 | 20.985 | 22.883 | 24.194 | 23.322 | |
| I5 | 22.399 | 24.630 | 23.208 | 22.685 | 22.868 | 20.365 | 22.299 | 22.892 | 23.089 | |
| I6 | 23.113 | 24.739 | 25.263 | 22.213 | 22.155 | 19.231 | 23.945 | 23.480 | 22.317 | |
| I7 | 21.510 | 23.741 | 23.548 | 22.614 | 21.414 | 20.145 | 22.164 | 22.094 | 22.598 | |
| I8 | 23.485 | 23.242 | 23.294 | 22.681 | 22.887 | 19.943 | 23.237 | 22.843 | 23.474 | |
| I9 | 20.607 | 22.078 | 22.632 | 22.704 | 19.356 | 18.916 | 21.635 | 21.320 | 22.526 | |
| I10 | 21.697 | 23.547 | 23.991 | 23.155 | 21.930 | 20.542 | 23.026 | 23.223 | 22.035 | |
| 19 | I1 | 24.517 | 26.348 | 25.449 | 25.236 | 24.251 | 23.077 | 25.151 | 24.320 | 24.370 |
| I2 | 25.521 | 25.914 | 25.311 | 25.350 | 24.971 | 22.273 | 24.569 | 25.250 | 24.647 | |
| I3 | 20.620 | 26.781 | 25.517 | 24.743 | 21.786 | 21.583 | 25.124 | 24.976 | 23.371 | |
| I4 | 24.561 | 24.649 | 23.939 | 23.709 | 23.913 | 21.438 | 23.342 | 23.916 | 23.451 | |
| I5 | 23.384 | 25.425 | 24.976 | 24.154 | 23.857 | 21.752 | 23.178 | 24.064 | 23.724 | |
| I6 | 24.401 | 25.414 | 26.355 | 24.851 | 23.623 | 20.327 | 24.041 | 24.136 | 24.216 | |
| I7 | 23.339 | 24.646 | 24.137 | 24.532 | 22.666 | 21.274 | 24.273 | 24.346 | 23.158 | |
| I8 | 24.016 | 24.223 | 24.105 | 24.152 | 23.879 | 20.465 | 24.155 | 24.208 | 24.848 | |
| I9 | 21.206 | 24.278 | 23.359 | 22.523 | 20.864 | 19.788 | 22.468 | 22.311 | 24.358 | |
| I10 | 22.093 | 24.479 | 25.254 | 24.317 | 22.756 | 21.452 | 24.126 | 23.108 | 23.434 | |
| 25 | I1 | 26.755 | 28.696 | 27.710 | 27.401 | 26.732 | 25.759 | 27.409 | 28.313 | 26.519 |
| I2 | 27.586 | 28.751 | 27.851 | 28.227 | 28.058 | 26.214 | 27.747 | 27.481 | 27.394 | |
| I3 | 24.424 | 28.127 | 28.267 | 26.803 | 23.930 | 23.908 | 27.446 | 27.545 | 26.903 | |
| I4 | 26.553 | 29.200 | 27.601 | 26.752 | 26.257 | 24.955 | 26.336 | 28.649 | 27.207 | |
| I5 | 26.168 | 27.172 | 26.954 | 27.395 | 26.906 | 24.826 | 26.330 | 27.115 | 26.562 | |
| I6 | 26.884 | 27.747 | 28.624 | 26.745 | 27.180 | 23.776 | 28.320 | 27.276 | 25.356 | |
| I7 | 25.663 | 28.684 | 27.453 | 27.406 | 25.971 | 24.731 | 26.792 | 26.051 | 25.698 | |
| I8 | 26.673 | 28.266 | 27.085 | 27.203 | 26.709 | 24.640 | 26.669 | 27.115 | 26.163 | |
| I9 | 24.804 | 27.881 | 26.439 | 26.565 | 24.435 | 23.307 | 25.730 | 27.285 | 25.832 | |
| I10 | 26.179 | 28.727 | 28.032 | 27.664 | 25.956 | 24.661 | 27.600 | 26.258 | 25.700 |