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. 2021 Apr 12;12(4):e00329. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000329

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© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American College of Gastroenterology

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Messenger RNA expression in ileal mucosal biopsies from patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome compared with healthy controls. Note the reduced expression of genes controlling G-protein–coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), myosin light chain kinase (MYLK in barrier function), epithelial repair (trefoil factor 1), and innate immunity (toll-like receptor 3, TLR3). By contrast, the ileal mucosal biopsies from patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome compared with healthy controls had increased cadherin cell adhesion mechanisms (catenin beta 1, CTNNB1) and in transport genes, solute carrier family 9 member A1 (SLC9A1 [Na-H exchanger]) and inactivation-no-afterpotential D-like (INADL [indirect effect on ion transport]). HNMT, histamine n-methyl transferase.