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. 2021 Apr 12;12(4):e00329. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000329

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© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American College of Gastroenterology

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Messenger RNA expression in ileal mucosal biopsies from patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome compared with patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Note the upregulation of several genes controlling barrier proteins (tight junction protein 1, fibronectin 1, and claudins 1 and 12), repair function (trefoil factor 1) and cellular functions such as genes controlling cell development (KIT ligand), protein phosphatase (protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit beta, PPP1CB), guanine nucleotide exchange (Sons of Sevenless [Drosophila] homolog 1, SOS1), and function of endoplasmic reticulum (calreticulin), potentially reflecting protein synthesis. There were also numerical increases (P < 0.10) in expression of genes for histamine H-1 and H-2 receptors (HRH1 and 2) and markers of innate immunity or inflammation (toll-like receptor 1 and 5 [TLR1 and 5] and interleukin-15 [IL-15]). ER, endoplasmic reticulum; TJ, tight junction.