Appendix 2—table 1. Predicted demographic values for each species (equations provided in Materials and methods and this appendix).

M = mass, r_m = maximum rate of instaneous exponential population growth predicted allometrically, $r_{\mathrm{m}}^{\text{'}}$ = realised r_m predicted from the constructed matrix (see text), ω = longevity, F = fertility (daughters per breeding female per year), α = age at first reproduction (primiparity), S_ad = yearly adult survival, G = generation length. ^†extinct; ^♀extant. See Appendix 2—table 2 for rank correlations among demographic values across species.

Species	M (kg)	rm	${\mathit{r}}_{\mathbf{m}}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}$	D (km−2)	ω (yrs)	F (n♀yr−1♀−1)	α (yrs)	Sad (yr−1)	G (yrs)
vombatiform herbivores
Diprotodon†	2786	0.100	0.061	0.134	48	0.1311	7	0.985	18.1
Palorchestes†	1000	0.131	0.077	0.285	42	0.1705	6	0.981	15.1
Zygomaturus†	500	0.157	0.095	0.476	39	0.2038	5	0.977	13.2
Phascolonus†	200	0.200	0.121	0.938	34	0.2586	4	0.972	10.7
Vombatus♀	25	0.345	0.119	4.370	26	0.2500	2	0.953	10.0
macropodiform herbivores
Proctoptodon†	250	0.189	0.188	0.795	17	0.524	3	0.973	8.3
Sthenurus†	150	0.216	0.215	1.161	17	0.617	3	0.970	8.1
Protemnodon†	130	0.224	0.224	1.290	16	0.646	3	0.969	7.8
Simosthenurus†	120	0.229	0.226	1.369	16	0.663	3	0.968	7.8
Metasthenurus†	55	0.281	0.280	2.438	14	0.858	2	0.961	6.0
Osphranter♀	25	0.345	0.343	4.370	13	0.750	2	0.953	5.5
Notamacropus♀	14	0.402	0.351	6.712	16	0.668	1	0.993	6.3
large birds
Genyornis†	200	0.041	0.041	0.101	38	0.658	9	0.987	20.0
Dromaius♀	55	0.100	0.100	0.290	17	1.938	3	0.983	5.9
Alectura♀	2.2	0.176	0.175	3.633	27	7.188	2	0.967	6.8
carnivores
Thylacoleo†	110	0.234	0.201	0.028	14	0.500	4	0.967	9.1
Thylacinus†	20	0.366	0.368	0.159	10	1.556	1	0.950	5.2
Sarcophilus†,♀	6.1	0.500	0.094	0.539	5	1.205	1	0.820	3.1
Dasyurus♀	2.0	0.701	0.644	2.023	4	1.582	1	0.910	2.3
monotremes
Megalibgwilia†	11.0	0.307	0.107	3.522	51	0.222	3	0.977	16.4
Tachyglossus♀	4.0	0.400	0.112	9.883	45	0.275	3	0.950	14.1

Sarcophilus harrisii is extinct in mainland Australia, but extant in the island state of Tasmania.

Thylacinus could also be treated like Sarcophilus in that Thylacinus survived in Tasmania until historical times (1930s).

In the case of the vombatiform and macropodiform herbivores, ω shown in the table is in fact the downscaled ω′ calculated for each group (see below). Likewise, both allometric predictions of F and α are corrected for these groups (see Supplementary Information Appendix 5).