Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by presence and severity of DR
| Overall (n=2,112) | Non-DR (n=1,516) | Mild NPDR (n=446) | Moderate NPDR (n=87) | VTDR (n=63) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.08±13.85 | 55.32±14.36 | 57.11±12.46 | 61.89±11.37 | 58.94±10.75 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 1,223 (57.9) | 896 (59.1) | 252 (56.5) | 46 (52.9) | 29 (45.0) | 0.122 |
| Duration of diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| <5 years | 911 (43.1) | 721 (47.6) | 154 (34.5) | 18 (20.7) | 18 (28.6) | |
| 5–<10 years | 511 (24.2) | 359 (23.7) | 120 (26.9) | 20 (23.0) | 12 (19.0) | |
| 10–≤20 years | 566 (26.8) | 361 (23.8) | 140 (31.4) | 38 (43.7) | 27 (42.9) | |
| 20 years | 124 (5.9) | 75 (4.9) | 32 (7.2) | 11 (12.6) | 6 (9.5) | |
| Antidiabetic-agent use (yes), n (%) | 2,027 (96.0) | 1,441 (95.1) | 437 (98.0) | 87 (100) | 62 (98.4) | 0.006 |
| HR (bpm) | 80.50±11.77 | 80.09±11.14 | 81.44±13.84 | 81.43±9.96 | 82.54±12.34 | 0.005 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 134.63±18.34 | 133.27±17.97 | 137.35±18.27 | 142.36±21.32 | 137.57±18.59 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.67±11.20 | 82.48±11.15 | 82.98±11.22 | 83.83±12.38 | 83.33±10.63 | 0.591 |
| PP (mmHg) | 51.96±15.15 | 50.78±14.81 | 54.37±14.86 | 58.53±19.31 | 54.24±14.36 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 167.53±8.52 | 167.90±8.55 | 166.92±8.31 | 165.74±8.35 | 165.64±8.78 | 0.007 |
| Weight (kg) | 72.24±14.11 | 72.92±14.50 | 70.82±13.26 | 68.31±11.08 | 71.33±12.70 | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.63±4.00 | 25.76±4.15 | 25.29±3.56 | 24.82±3.32 | 25.97±3.96 | 0.030 |
| Smoker (yes), n (%) | 534 (25.3) | 396 (26.1) | 97 (21.7) | 25 (28.7) | 16 (25.4) | 0.255 |
| Drinker (yes), n (%) | 414 (19.6) | 304 (20.1) | 80 (17.9) | 20 (23.0) | 10 (15.9) | 0.53,8 |
| HbA1c, %, (mmol/mol) | 8.46±2.39 (69.0±26.1) | 8.47±2.23 (69.1±24.3) | 8.60±2.94 (70.5±32.1) | 7.84±2.16 (62.2±23.6) | 8.24±2.01 (66.5±21.9) | 0.046 |
| FPG (mg/dL, mmol/L) | 166.79±64.23 (9.27±3.57) | 168.76±65.28 (9.38±3.63) | 166.65±63.99 (9.26±3.55) | 153.09±54.68 (8.50±3.04) | 139.10±40.52 (7.73±2.25) | 0.013 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.81±1.39 | 4.82±1.20 | 4.75±1.24 | 5.04±3.63 | 4.59±0.95 | 0.070 |
| TGs (mg/dL) | 195.87±150.99 | 200.73±153.89 | 189.63±152.17 | 176.99±117.41 | 149.40±93.27 | 0.010 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.09±0.39 | 1.08±0.37 | 1.10±0.47 | 1.12±0.29 | 1.12±0.32 | 0.661 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.03±0.99 | 3.04±0.98 | 3.04±1.05 | 2.93±0.93 | 2.98±0.87 | 0.728 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 11.81±6.67 | 11.95±6.78 | 11.45±6.63 | 11.33±4.61 | 11.52±6.50 | 0.464 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.91±3.53 | 5.02±3.57 | 4.79±3.64 | 4.39±2.53 | 3.97±2.46 | 0.011 |
| TyG index | 9.41±0.81 | 9.44±0.83 | 9.39±0.78 | 9.28±0.73 | 9.08±0.54 | 0.005 |
Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative DR; VTDR, vision-threatening DR; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic BP; PP, pulse pressure; BMI, body-mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TGs, triglycerides; HDL-C, highdensity–lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, lowdensity–lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis-model assessment of insulin resistance; TyG, triglyceride–glucose.