Table 1.
Sociodemographic, Obstetric, and Lifestyle Characteristics of Participants
| n (%) | |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | |
| <19 | 118 (10.9) |
| 19–34 | 812 (75.1) |
| >34 | 152 (14.0) |
| Residence | |
| Rural | 118 (10.9) |
| Semiurban | 441 (40.8) |
| Urban | 523 (48.3) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Black | 935 (86.4) |
| Colored | 147 (13.6) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 236 (21.8) |
| Never married | 717 (66.3) |
| Cohabiting | 129 (11.9) |
| Education | |
| Primary | 84 (7.8) |
| Secondary | 803 (74.2) |
| Tertiary | 195 (18.0) |
| Employment | |
| Unemployed | 733 (67.7) |
| Employed | 349 (32.3) |
| Religion | |
| Christian | 964 (89.1) |
| Other | 118 (10.9) |
| Family support | |
| Adequate | 837 (77.4) |
| Moderate | 223 (20.6) |
| None | 22 (2.0) |
| Parity | |
| Nulliparous | 517 (47.8) |
| Primiparous | 322 (29.8) |
| Multiparous | 243 (22.4) |
| Delivery mode | |
| Vaginal | 457 (42.2) |
| Cesarean section | 87 (8.1) |
| Both | 538 (49.7) |
| Antepartum hemorrhage | |
| Yes | 69 (6.4) |
| No | 1013 (93.6) |
| Perceived health | |
| Very good | 440 (40.7) |
| Good | 631 (58.3) |
| Bad | 11 (1.0) |
| Smoking status | |
| Yes | 90 (8.3) |
| No | 992 (91.7) |
| Alcohol use | |
| Yes | 147 (13.6) |
| No | 935 (86.4) |
| Pregravid body-mass index (kg/m2) | |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 22 (2.0) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 917 (84.8) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 143 (13.2) |
| Planned pregnancy | |
| Yes | 351 (32.4) |
| No | 731 (67.6) |
| Physical activity advice | |
| Yes | 382 (35.3) |
| No | 700 (64.7) |
| Physical activity before pregnancy | |
| Yes | 378 (34.9) |
| No | 704 (65.1) |
| Physical activity timing | |
| First trimester | 188 (17.4) |
| Second trimester | 114 (10.5) |
| Third trimester | 27 (2.5) |
| Never | 753 (69.6) |