Table 1.
The mechanisms that account for acute exercise and physical training which differently modulate the insulin sensitivity
| Acute exercise | Exercise training | |
|---|---|---|
| Whole body glucose tolerance | ||
| Post-exercise OGTT | ↔ | ↑ |
| Post-exercise meal | ↑ | ND |
| Whole body glucose disposal | ↔ | ↑ |
| Insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose transport | ↑ | ↑ |
| GLUT-4 translocation | ↑ | ↑ |
| GLUT-4 expression | ↔ | ↑ |
| Insulin-stimulated IR | ||
| Protein expression | ND | ND |
| Tyrosine phosphorylation | ↑ | ND |
| Insulin-stimulated IRS-1/2 | ||
| Protein expression | ND | ND |
| Tyrosine phosphorylation | ↑ | ND |
| Insulin-stimulated PI3K | ||
| Protein expression | ND | ND |
| Activity | ↑ | ↔ |
| AKT | ||
| Protein expression | ND | ↑ |
| Serine phosphorylation | ND | ↔ |
IR insulin receptor, IRS insulin receptor substrates, ND not determined, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase