Table 1:

Summary of completed and ongoing clinical trials using SFN and PEITC

Agent	Cancer type	Experiment detail	Outcome/Ongoing targets
SFN/Broccoli Sprout Extract	Lung	291 healthy subjects; broccoli sprout beverages; GR (600 μmol) and SFN (40 μmol); 84 days	Increases urinary excretion of benzene (61%) and acrolein (23%) (165)
		50 healthy subjects; SFN-rich broccoli sprout beverage; 7 days	20–50% ↑ in excretion levels of glutathione conjugates of acrolein, crotonaldehyde and benzene after SFN treatment (166)
		30 healthy subjects, young smokers; broccoli diet; 250 g/ day; 10 days	DNA repair activity ↑ in PBMC (167)
		72 former smokers with lung cancer; SFN; 120 μmol/time, 2 times/day; 12 months	Targets: lung cancer chemoprevention with SFN in former smokers
	Prostate	90 men with prostate cancer recurrence; 60 mg of SFN daily; 6 months	log PSA slope ↓ significantly (168)
		98 men with prostate biopsy; 200 µmol of SFN, 2 capsules daily; 4 weeks	Targets: HDAC inhibition effects by SFN in human prostate cancer tissue/cells
		40 prostate cancer patients; 64 mg SFN daily, 2 times daily; 4 weeks	Epigenetic biomarkers measurement after SFN treatment
	Breast	54 breast biopsy subjects; 224 mg GR; Broccoli seed extract;	Ki67 ↓, HDAC3 ↓ in benign tissue, HDAC ↓ in PBMC (169)
		34 DCIS breast cancer subjects; 100 µmols of SFN for 14 days	Change in Mean Proliferative Rate Measured by Ki67%
PEITC/Watercress	Lung	11 healthy smokers; watercress; 56.8 g / meal for 3 meals/day; 3 days	↑ Urinary NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc (33.5%) (170)
		82 healthy smokers; PEITC 10 mg 4 times/day for 5 weeks	↓ NNK metabolic activation ratio (7.7%) (171)

SFN, sulforaphane; PEITC, phenethyl isothiocyanate; GR, glucoraphanin; PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; HDAC, Histone Deacetylase; NNAL-glu, 4-(methyInitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyI)-l-butyl /3-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid; NNK, Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone; DCIS, Ductal carcinoma in situ; ↑, increase/activation; ↓, decrease/inhibition.