Table 3.
Bovine-like CoVs and antibodies (serum) identified in domestic and wild ruminants.
| Animal species | Location | Sample type | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alpaca | USA (Oklahoma) | Feces | (111) |
| Alpaca | Peru | Feces | (112) |
| Alpaca | Peru | Intestinal lavage | (113) |
| Caribou/reindeer | Canada | Serum | (114) |
| Dromedary camel | USA (Wisconsin) | Feces | (115) |
| Dromedary camel | UAE (Dubai) | Feces | (116, 117) |
| Dromedary camel | Saudi Arabia | Nasal/rectal swab | (118) |
| Elk/Wapiti | Canada | Feces | (119) |
| Elk/Wapiti | USA (Kansas) | Feces | (120) |
| Goat | South Korea | Serum | (121) |
| Giraffe | USA (Ohio) | Feces | (48) |
| Himalayan tahr | South Korea | Feces | (122) |
| Llama, alpaca | USA (Oregon) | Feces | (123, 124) |
| Musk oxen | UK | Feces | (125) |
| Nyala | South Korea | Feces | (122) |
| Sable antelope | USA (Ohio) | Feces | (19) |
| Sambar deer | USA (Ohio) | Feces | (19, 28) |
| Sheep | USA (Idaho, Montana) | Feces | (126) |
| Sheep | Chile | Intestinal contents | (127) |
| Sheep, goat | Spain | Feces | (128) |
| Sheep, goat | Turkey | Intestinal contents | (129) |
| Sheep | Sweden | Serum | (130) |
| Sika deer | Japan | Serum | (131) |
| Sitatunga | UK | Feces | (125) |
| Sitatunga | South Korea | Feces | (122) |
| Water buck | UK | Feces | (125) |
| Waterbuck | USA (Ohio) | Feces | (82) |
| Water buffalo | Bulgaria | Serum | (132) |
| Water buffalo | Egypt | Feces | (133) |
| Water buffalo | Egypt | Feces | (134) |
| Water buffalo | Egypt | Feces | (135) |
| Water buffalo | Italy | Feces—intestinal contents | (136, 137) |
| Water buffalo | Bangladesh | Feces | (138) |
| Water deer | South Korea | Nasal swabs | (139) |
| White-tailed deer | USA (Ohio) | Feces | (19) |
| Wood bison | Canada | Serum | (140) |
| Wisent | South Korea | Feces | (122) |
| Yak | China | Feces | (141) |