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. 2021 Apr 9;14:1341–1356. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S299927

Figure 6.

Figure 6

LA-1 abrogates rotenone-induced activation and M1 polarization of microglia in mice. (A) Immunohistochemistry with an anti-Iba-1 antibody was performed to stain microglial cells in the LC of rotenone-intoxicated mice with or without LA-1 treatment, and representative images are shown. (B) Quantification of the density of Iba-1 immunostaining. Results were mean ± SEM from five mice for each group and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (F(3,16) = 10.109, P = 0.001). (C) The mRNA levels of iNOS, TNFα and IL-1β in the brainstem of rotenone-treated mice with or without LA-1 treatment were determined by real-time PCR. Results were mean ± SEM from five mice for each group and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (iNOS: F(3,16) = 5.661, P = 0.008; TNFα: F(3,16) = 7.439, P = 0.002; IL-1β: F(3,16) = 3.589, P = 0.037; post hoc analysis by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). (D) The mRNA levels of Arg-1, CD206 and YM-1 in the brainstem of rotenone-treated mice with or without LA-1 treatment were determined by real-time PCR. Results were mean ± SEM from five mice for each group and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (Arg-1: F(3,16) = 12.575, P = 0.000, post hoc analysis by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; CD206: F(3,16) = 6.956, P=0.003, post hoc analysis by Tamhane’s T2 multiple comparisons test; YM-1: F(3,16) = 10.109, P=0.001, post hoc analysis by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). *P<0.05, **P<0.01; Scale bar = 100 μm.