TABLE 1.
The LncRNAs referenced in this review.
| LncRNAs | Subcellular localization | Biological function | References |
| LncRNA LINKA | Cytoplasm | Hyperactivate AKT, HIF1-α signaling pathway, and downregulate antigen presentation related genes to promote drug resistance and immune escaping and remodel glycolysis reprogram of cancer cells. | Lin et al., 2016, 2017; Hu et al., 2019 |
| LncRNA BRCA4 | Nuclear | Coordinate hippo and hedgehog signaling pathways to aberrantly regulate glycolysis and advance breast cancer development. | Xing et al., 2014; Zheng et al., 2017 |
| LncRNA CamK-A | Cytoplasm | Assist the Ca2+ signaling pathway to aberrantly regulate glycolysis and remodel tumor microenvironment. | Sang et al., 2018 |
| LncRNA NEAT1 | Nuclear | Function as a scaffold for paraspeckle components and sequester specific proteins (such as CARM1) promotes cell differentiation and embryo development. Attenuate activation of p-53 and confer cancer cell drug resistance (LLPS). | Chen and Carmichael, 2009; Adriaens et al., 2016; Fox et al., 2018; Hupalowska et al., 2018; Yamazaki et al., 2018 |
| LncRNA MAYA | Cytoplasm | Mediate heterodimerization of ROR1 and HER3 and promote activation of YAP, thus facilitating breast cancer bone metastasis. | Li et al., 2017 |
| LncRNA HOTAIR | Nuclear | Assist PRC2 complex to recruit to histone and be responsible for the silence transcription of HOXD gene. | Rinn et al., 2007 |
| LincRNA | Nuclear | Bind to a series of chromatin-modifying proteins to maintain the pluripotent state of ESCs. | Guttman et al., 2011 |
| LncRNA NORAD | Both nuclear and cytoplasm | Assemble a topoisomerase complex at targeted chromatin foci to stabilize genome (Nuclear). Function as a multivalent binding platform for PUM1/2 proteins, and thus maintaining genomic stability (LLPS). | Lee et al., 2016; Tichon et al., 2016; Munschauer et al., 2018 |
| LncRNA Xist | Nuclear | Recruit epigenetic factors to chromosome loci and mediate X chromosome silence (LLPS). | Heard and Disteche, 2006; Moindrot et al., 2015; Cerase et al., 2019 |
| LncRNA TCF7 | Nuclear | Recruit epigenetic factors SWI/SNF promoting TCF expression, thus activating Wnt pathway to promote self-renewal of liver cancer stem cells. | Wang et al., 2015 |
| eRNA | Nuclear | Bind to multiple TFs and coactivator to alter the chromosomal architecture and thus regulating gene expression. | Li et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014; Pnueli et al., 2015 |
| LncRNA GATA6-AS | Nuclear | Recruit and inactive epigenetic factor LOXL2 and regulate endothelial gene expression and angiogenic activity in responding to hypoxia. | Neumann et al., 2018 |
| LncRNA AGPG | Both nuclear and cytoplasm | Stabilize PFKFB3 by blocking its ubiquitination and degradation thus promoting glycolysis in cancer cells. | Liu et al., 2020 |
| lncRNA HOXB-AS3 | Both nuclear and cytoplasm (according to genecard) | Encode peptide HOXB-AS3 regulating splicing of pyruvate kinase M (PKM) and thus reprogramming glucose metabolism. | Huang et al., 2017 |
| LOC100507537/LINC00948 | Sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane (according to genecard) | Encode peptide activating the SERCA pump to promote Ca2+ up-taking into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and enhancing muscle contractility. | Anderson et al., 2015; Nelson et al., 2016 |
| LncRNA meiRNA | Nuclear | Function as an architectural scaffold promoting the formation of sme2 chromosomal loci (phase droplet) and mediate pairing of homologous chromosomes (LLPS). | Shichino et al., 2014; Ding et al., 2019 |
| LncRNA HSATIII | Nuclear | Function as an architectural scaffold interacting with two hnRNPs to promote nuclear stress bodies formation upon thermal stress exposure (LLPS). | Aly et al., 2019 |
| LncRNA PNCTR | Nuclear | Function as an architectural scaffold sequestering PTBP1 in the perinucleolar compartment, thus modulating splicing of PTBP1 protein and promoting cancer cell survival (LLPS). | Yap et al., 2018 |
| LncRNA TNBL | Nuclear | Accumulate as a perinucleolar aggregate at NBL2 loci and close to SAM68 body and thus responding to nuclear functions and RNA metabolism (LLPS). | Dumbovic et al., 2018 |
| DilncRNA | Nuclear | Is synthesized at DSB foci and coordinates DDR proteins to promote the formation of DDR foci to respond to DBS (LLPS). | Pessina et al., 2019 |
| LncRNA MajSAT | Nuclear | Functions as a scaffold promoting HP1α and SAFB to form PCH foci in Pericentromeric heterochromatin (LLPS). | Huo et al., 2020 |
| LncRNA TERRA | Nuclear | Considering the enrichment of LncRNA TERRA in APB and interaction between LncRNA TERRA and epigenetic modification factors and RBPs, LncRNA TERRA may also play a functional role in the telomere foci by providing a platform for multiple proteins interaction (LLPS). | Min et al., 2019 |