TABLE 1.
Items of scales.
| Variable | Items | Factor loadings |
| Perceived control | In the course of online learning, I can think independently. | 0.868 |
| In the course of online learning, I can take control of the learning content. | 0.879 | |
| In the course of online learning, I can control my own pace. | 0.817 | |
| In the course of online learning, I have class autonomy. | 0.841 | |
| Perceived closeness | In the course of online learning, I feel a sense of closeness with teacher. | 0.777 |
| In the course of online learning, I feel a sense of intimacy with teacher. | 0.879 | |
| In the course of online learning, my interaction with the teacher is different from that in offline classroom. | 0.789 | |
| In the course of online learning, I think I can talk to my teachers about anything. | 0.834 | |
| Peer referent | In the course of online learning, I feel valued when I do things my classmates do. | 0.821 |
| In the course of online learning, I feel approved when I do things my classmates do. | 0.744 | |
| In the course of online learning, I feel more personally accepted when I do things my classmates do. | 0.780 | |
| In the course of online learning, I do operations similar to my classmates. | 0.831 | |
| Self-efficacy | In the course of online learning, I am competent to solve the problems of e-learning. | 0.791 |
| In the course of online learning, when I come across problems, I can find solutions to them. | 0.829 | |
| I will try my best to achieve the online learning targets set by myself. | 0.822 | |
| I am well prepared to face and handle the demands of e-learning. | 0.655 | |
| Subjective well-being | I feel cheerful. | 0.872 |
| I find it interesting to study. | 0.883 | |
| I have confidence in my ideas and opinions. | 0.876 | |
| I think the society will be better. | 0.763 | |
| Learning engagement | After taking course of online learning, I am willing to take the initiative to analyze problems. | 0.848 |
| After taking course of online learning, I am willing to take effective learning. | 0.863 | |
| After taking course of online learning, I am willing to solve practical learning problems. | 0.841 | |
| After taking course of online learning, I am willing to engage in knowledge acquisition. | 0.683 |