Table 5A.

Association Between Exposure Variables and the Proportion of Pupils Achieving Level 2 and Above in Reading as Assessed Using Logistic Regression Odds Ratios, 95% Confidence Intervals, and P Values.^a

Reading
Variable/Category		Max N	Model 1 (month of birth & gender)			Model 2 (month of birth, gender, SES)
			OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
Dentoalveolar (vs excellent/good)	Fair	159	0.54	0.19-1.52	.4	0.55	0.19-1.56	.5
	Poor/Very poor		0.71	0.20-2.58		0.78	0.21-2.86
Nasolabial appearance (vs excellent/good)	Fair	193	1.29	0.53-3.12	>.9	1.25	0.51-3.08	>.9
	Poor/Very poor		0.80	0.22-2.91		0.89	0.24-3.32
Decayed missing filled teeth (Dmft) (vs 0)	1-3	203	0.48	0.18-1.27	.009	0.53	0.20-1.45	.05
	4+		0.28	0.11-0.74		0.36	0.13-1.00
Audiology (best ear) (vs normal hearing)	Any hearing loss	164	0.38	0.14-0.97	.04	0.38	0.14-1.00	.05
Intelligibility (vs normal)	Different but intelligible	184	0.81	0.25-2.60	.002	0.82	0.25-2.67	.01
	Just intelligible or less		0.17	0.06-0.48		0.20	0.07-0.59
Psychological	Low self-confidence	185	0.32	0.09-1.09	.07	0.33	0.09-1.15	.08
	Child is bullied	189	1.36	0.28-6.63	.7	1.49	0.28-7.94	.6
Minimum number of problems (vs 0-1)	2	205	0.64	0.24-1.67	.002	0.73	0.27-1.96	.01
	3-6		0.20	0.07-0.53		0.23	0.08-0.65

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; SES, socioeconomic status.

^a Model 1 adjusts for month of birth and gender and model 2 also adjusting for an area-based measure of socioeconomic status (SES).