Table 1.
Prevalence of intracranial stenosis in Caucasian TIA/stroke patients
| Study | Location | Sample size | Mean age (years) | Caucasian (%) | IS/TIA | Definition of ICS |
Prevalence of ICS |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screening imaging modality | Criteria | Any ICS n (%) | Asympt ICS n (%) | Sympt ICS n (%) | ||||||
| All ICS | ||||||||||
| Sacco (NOMASS) 1995w8 | USA | 82 | 70 | 100 | IS | TCD | Velocity criteria | – | – | 8 (1.0%) |
| Wityk 1996w9 | USA | 108 | 75 | 100 | IS/TIA | TCD/MRA/CA | Velocity criteria or 50–100% stenosis | 26 (24.0) | – | 10 (9.0%)a |
| Thijs 2000w13 | USA | 1344 | – | – | IS/TIA | CA/TCD/MRA | Velocity criteria or 50–99% stenosis | 54 (4.0) | – | 36 (2.7) |
| Weimar 2006w20 | Germany | 4157 | 67 | – | IS/TIA | TCD/MRA/ CTA/CA | Velocity criteria or 50–100% stenosis | 1259 (30.3) | – | 611 (14.7) |
| Nahab (WASID)b 2008w22 | USA | 312 | ∼64 | 50b | IS/TIA | CA/MRA | 50–99% stenosis | – | 79 (25.3%) | – |
| Holzer 2009w23 | Germany | 163 | 63 | 100 | TIA | TCD | Velocity criteria | 15 (9.2) | – | – |
| Meseguer 2010w27 | France | 1823 | 61 | – | TIA | TCD | Velocity criteria | 161 (8.8) | – | 67 (3.7) |
| Weber 2010w28 | Germany | 13,584 | 67 | – | IS/TIA | TCD/MRA | Velocity criteria or 50–99% stenosis | 736 (5.4) | – | 304 (2.2) |
| Homburg 2011w30 | Netherlands | 786 | 62 | 90 | IS/TIA | CTA | 50–100% stenosis | 77 (9.8) | – | 18 (2.3) |
| Von Weitzel-Mudersbach 2012w31 | Denmark | 195 | 66 | 100 | TIA | TCD | Velocity criteria | 24 (12.3) | – | 16 (8.2) |
| Lau 2013w32 | USA | 539 | 66 | 83 | IS/TIA | CTA | Any grade of stenosis | 212 (39.3) | – | 176 (32.7) |
| Ovesen 2013w34 | Denmark | 652 | 67 | 95 | IS/TIA | CTA | ≥30% stenosis | 101 (15.5) | – | 3 (0.5) |
| Ssi-Yan-Kai 2013w36 | France | 129 | 64 | – | IS/TIA | MRA | 50–100% stenosis | – | – | 16 (12.4) |
| Wolff 2014w37 | France | 159 | 37 | 99 | Young IS (age 18–45) | MRA/CTA/ DSA | ≥50% stenosis | – | – | 49 (31.2) |
| Logallo 2014w38 | Norway | 575 | 73 | – | IS/TIA | TCD/MRA/ CTA | Velocity criteria or any degree stenosis | 69 (12.0) | 44 (7.7) | 45 (7.8) |
| Tsivgoulis 2014w39 | Greece | 467 | 58 | 98 | IS/TIA | TCD | Velocity criteria | 51 (10.9) | 9c (1.9) | 43 (9.2) |
| Gouveia 2014w42 | Portugal | 1302 | 72 | – | IS/TIA | TCD/CTA | Velocity criteria or ≥50% stenosis | 158 (12.1) | 83 (6.3) | 75 (5.8) |
| Baracchini 2016w44 | Italy | 1134 | 71 | 97 | IS | TCD | Velocity criteria | – | – | 99 (8.7) |
| Hoshino 2018w46 | France | 403 | 62 | – | IS | TCD/MRA/ CTA | Velocity criteria or 50–100% stenosis | 146 (36.2) | 74c (18.3) | 72 (17.9) |
| Uchiyama 2019w48 | France | 3317 | 66 | 78 | IS/TIA | TCD/MRA/ CTA | Velocity criteria or 50–100% stenosis | 424 (12.8) | – | – |
| Hurford 2020w49, w50 | UK | 1368 | 62 | 94 | Minor IS/TIA | MRA/CTA | 50–100% stenosis | 260 (19.0) | 202 (14.8) | 105 (7.7) |
| Anterior circulation ICS only | ||||||||||
| Kappelle (NASCET)1999w10 | USA | 2589 | 66 | 95 | IS/TIA | CA | 50–100% ACA, MCA, intracranial ICA stenosis | – | – | 14d (0.5) |
| Baumgartnere 2003w15 | Switzerland | 244 | 65 | 98 | Lacunar stroke syndrome | TCD | Velocity criteria | 30 (12.3) | – | 16 (6.6%) |
| von Sarnowskie 2013w35 | Pan-European | 1561 | 46 | – | Young IS/TIA (age 18–55) | TCD | Velocity criteria | 184 (11.8) | – | 137 (8.8) |
| Mattioni 2014w40 | Netherlands | 220 | 65 | – | IS/TIA | CTA | Intracranial ICA and MCA; any degree stenosis or occlusion | 85 (38.6) | – | 80 (36.4) |
| Posterior circulation ICS only | ||||||||||
| Shin 1999w12 | USA | 430 | 60 | 88 | Vertebrobasilar IS/TIA | CTA/MRA/CA | 50–100% intracranial VA or BA stenosis | – | – | 119 (27.7) |
| Baumgartnere 2003w15 | Switzerland | 244 | 65 | 98 | Lacunar stroke syndrome | TCD | Velocity criteria | 19 (7.8) | – | 13 (5.3) |
| Marquardt 2009w24 | UK | 141 | 69 | 95 | Vertebrobasilar IS/TIA | MRA | ≥50% intracranial VA or BA stenosis | – | – | 14 (9.9) |
| Klein 2010w26 | France | 41 | 66 | – | Pontine IS | MRA | ≥30% BA stenosis | – | – | 7 (17.1) |
| von Sarnowskie 2013w35 | Pan-European | 1511 | 46 | – | Young IS/TIA (age 18–55) | TCD | Velocity criteria | 75 (5.0) | – | 45 (3.0) |
W: reference cited in supplementary material. Figures in italics derived from available data. IS: ischemic stroke; ICS: intracranial stenosis; CA: catheter angiography; TCD: transcranial Doppler; MRA: magnetic resonance angiography; CTA: computed tomography angiography; Asympt: asymptomatic; Sympt: symptomatic.
Of entire cohort, but no racial/sex differences.
WASID patients reviewed for coexistent asympt ICS; no significant racial differences in prevalence.
Patients with asympt ICS reported but not how many with isolated asympt ICS or coexistent sympt ICS unknown.
Ipsilateral to symptomatic ICA stenosis.
Study reports anterior and posterior circulation ICS separately without noting duplicate patients hence are reported separately in this table.