Table 2.
Prognosis of intracranial stenosis in medically-treated Caucasian TIA/stroke patients
| Study | Location | Sample size | Mean age (years) | Caucasian (%) | IS/TIA | Definition of ICS |
Prognosis of ICS |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screening imaging modality | Criteria | Mean follow-up (months) | Any IS n (%) | Same territory IS n (%) | ||||||
| Symptomatic ICS | ||||||||||
| Hinton 1979w2 | USA | 16 | 62 | – | IS/TIA | CA | 40–100% MCA stenosis | 36 | – | 2 (12.5) |
| EC/IC bypass study group 1985w3 | Worldwide | 714 | 56 | – | IS/TIA | CA | Any degree of MCA and intracranial ICA stenosis | 56 | – | ∼10.0% at 1 year |
| Wechler 1986w4 | USA | 12 | 62 | – | IS/TIA | CA | 50–100% carotid siphon stenosis | 51 | – | 3 (25.0) |
| Moufarrijj 1986w5 | USA | 44 | ∼58 | – | Vertebrobasilar IS/TIA | CA | ≥50% intracranial VA or BA stenosis | 73 | – | 5 (11.4) |
| Pessin 1987w6 | USA | 9 | 62 | 56 | Vertebrobasilar IS/TIA | CA | ≥40% distal BA stenosis | 21 | – | 1 (11.1) |
| Pessin 1987w7 | USA | 6 | 70 | – | PCA territory IS/TIA | CA | ≥50% PCA stenosis | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| Kappelle (NASCET) 1999w10 | USA | 2589a | 66 | 93 | IS/TIA | CA | 50-100% ACA, MCA, intracranial ICA stenosis | – | – | 19.4–45.7% at 3 years |
| Woolfenden 1999w11 | USA | 26 | 72 | 82 | Vertebrobasilar IS/TIA | CA/MRA | 50–99% BA stenosis | 23 | 5 (19.2) | 4 (15.4) |
| Thijs 2000w13 | USA | 52 | 67 | 65 | IS/TIA | CA/TCD/MRA | Velocity criteria or 50–99% stenosis | 17 | 6 (11.5) | – |
| Arenillas 2001w14 | Spain | 40 | 62 | – | IS/TIA | TCD | MCA velocity criteria | 27 | – | 8 (20.0) |
| Qureshi 2003w16 | USA | 102 | 64 | 54 | Vertebrobasilar IS/TIA | CA/MRA | 50–99% intracranial VA or BA stenosis | 15 | 14 (13.7) | 8 (7.8) |
| Kern 2005w18 | Germany | 46 | 57 | – | IS/TIA | TCD | Velocity criteria | 31 | 15b (32.6) | 11b (23.9) |
| Chimowitz (WASID) 2005w19 | USA | 280c | 63 | 58 | IS/TIA | TCD/MRA/ CTA | 50–99% stenosis | 22 | 57 (20.4) | 42 (15.0) |
| Weimar 2006w20 | Germany | 272 | 67 | – | IS/TIA | TCD/MRA/ CTA/CA | Velocity criteria or 50–100% stenosis | – | 26 (9.6) at 1 year | – |
| Mazighi 2006w21 | France | 102 | 63 | 97 | IS/TIA | MRA/CTA/CA | 50–99% stenosis | 23 | – | 14 (13.7) |
| Samaniego 2009w25 | USA | 58 | 65 | 83 | IS/TIA | MRA/CTA/CA | Undefined | 14 | 3 (5.1) | – |
| Weber 2010w28 | Germany | 197 | 65 | – | IS/TIA | TCD/MRA | Velocity criteria or 50–99% stenosis | 24 | 23.3% at 3 years | – |
| Kozak 2011w29 | USA | 25 | 61 | 72 | IS/TIA | CA | 50–99% stenosis | 16 | – | 11 (44.0) |
| Nahab 2013w33 | USA | 22 | 66 | 59 | IS/TIA | CA/CTA | 50–99% stenosis | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| Ssi-Yan-Kai 2013w36 | France | 129 | 64 | – | IS/ TIA | MRA | 50–100% stenosis | – | 0 | 0 |
| Gouveia 2014w42 | Portugal | 72 | 73 | – | IS/TIA | TCD/CTA | Velocity criteria or ≥50% stenosis | 14 | – | 14 (19.4) |
| Derdeyn (SAMMPRIS) 2014w41 | USA | 227a | 60 | 71 | IS/TIA | CA | 70–99% stenosis | 32 | – | 31 (13.7) |
| Zaidat (VISSIT) 2015w43 | USA | 53a | 62 | 72 | IS/TIA | CA | 70–99% stenosis | – | – | 5 (9.4) at 1 year |
| Markus (VIST) 2017w45 | UK | 88a | 67 | – | Vertebrobasilar IS/TIA | MRA/CTA/CA | ≥50% intracranial VA stenosis | 29 | – | 4 (4.6) |
| Caliandro 2018w47 | Italy | 48 | 65 | – | IS/TIA | TCD | Velocity criteria | – | – | 5c (10.4) at 1 year |
| Hoshino 2018w46 | France | 72 | 65 | – | IS | TCD/MRA/CTA | Velocity criteria or 50–100% stenosis | – | 9b (13.2) at 4 years | – |
| Hurford 2020w50 | UK | 94 | 74 | 94 | Minor IS/TIA | MRA/CTA | 50–99% stenosis | 29 | 12 (12.8) | 8 (8.5) |
| Asymptomatic ICS | ||||||||||
| Kremer 2004w17 | Switzerland | 53 | 67 | – | IS/TIA | TCD | Velocity criteria | 68 | – | 0 |
| Kern 2005w18 | Germany | 56 | 66 | – | IS/TIA | TCD | Velocity criteria | 30 | 4b (7.1) | 2b (3.6) |
| Nahab 2008w22 | USA | 100 | 66 | 50 | IS/TIA | CA/MRA | 50–99% stenosis | 18 | – | 5 (5.0) |
| Gouveia 2014w42 | Portugal | 47 | 77 | – | IS/TIA | TCD/CTA | Velocity criteria or ≥ 50% stenosis | 14 | – | 1 (2.1) |
| Hoshino 2018w46 | France | 74 | 65 | – | IS | TCD/MRA/CTA | Velocity criteria or 50–100% stenosis | – | 8b (11.5) at 4 years | – |
| Hurford 2020w49 | UK | 155 | 77 | 94 | Minor IS/TIA | MRA/CTA | 50–100% stenosis | 40 | 8 (5.2) | 5 (3.2) |
W: reference cited in supplementary material. IS: ischemic stroke, ICS: intracranial stenosis; CA: catheter angiography; TCD: transcranial Doppler; MRA: magnetic resonance angiography; CTA: computed tomography angiography; MCA: middle cerebral artery; ICA: internal carotid artery; VA: vertebral artery; BA: basilar artery; PCA: posterior cerebral artery.
a
Medical arm of trial.
b
Ischemic stroke and TIA.
c
Patients randomized to receive aspirin.