Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 13,301 critically ill COVID-19 patients, total and by periods
| Characteristics | Total n = 13,301 |
Period 1 n = 2184 |
Period 2 n = 3536 |
Period 3 n = 3938 |
Period 4 n = 3643 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 54 (41, 69) | 55 (43, 70) | 57 (43, 73) | 51 (40, 66) | 53 (41, 67) |
| < 40 | 2832 (21%) | 421 (19%) | 642 (18%) | 943 (24%) | 826 (23%) |
| 40–49 | 2636 (20%) | 421 (19%) | 639 (18%) | 853 (22%) | 723 (20%) |
| 50–59 | 2583 (19%) | 433 (20%) | 665 (19%) | 769 (20%) | 716 (20%) |
| 60–69 | 2088 (16%) | 354 (16%) | 541 (15%) | 558 (14%) | 635 (17%) |
| 70–79 | 1502 (11%) | 275 (13%) | 443 (13%) | 414 (11%) | 370 (10%) |
| ≥ 80 | 1660 (12%) | 280 (13%) | 606 (17%) | 401 (10%) | 373 (10%) |
| Sex, No. (%) | |||||
| Female | 5549 (42%) | 861 (39%) | 1482 (42%) | 1674 (43%) | 1532 (42%) |
| Male | 7752 (58%) | 1323 (61%) | 2054 (58%) | 2264 (57%) | 2111 (58%) |
| Admissions from emergency department | 10,240 (77%) | 1576 (72%) | 2479 (70%) | 3236 (82%) | 2949 (81%) |
| Modified Frailty Index (MFI) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.07 (1.25) | 1.13 (1.25) | 1.26 (1.33) | 0.96 (1.20) | 0.96 (1.19) |
| Median (IQR) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) |
| Non-frail (MFI = 0) | 5860 (44%) | 914 (42%) | 1335 (38%) | 1884 (48%) | 1727 (47%) |
| Pre-frail (MFI = 1–2) | 5717 (43%) | 954 (44%) | 1605 (45%) | 1620 (41%) | 1538 (42%) |
| Frail (MFI > = 3) | 1724 (13%) | 316 (14%) | 596 (17%) | 434 (11%) | 378 (10%) |
| SAPS-3, median (IQR) | 42 (37, 50) | 43 (37, 52) | 44 (39, 54) | 41 (37, 48) | 42 (38, 49) |
| SOFA, median (IQR) | 0 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 3) | 1 (0, 3) | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) |
| PaO2/FiO2 [n = 4,649] | 221 (108, 357) | 202 (102, 314) | 217 (110, 352) | 239 (110, 414) | 224 (110, 357) |
| Normal (> 300) | 1580 (34%) | 238 (27%) | 475 (32%) | 501 (40%) | 366 (35%) |
| Mild (201–300) | 957 (21%) | 200 (23%) | 310 (21%) | 217 (17%) | 230 (22%) |
| Moderate (101–200) | 1015 (22%) | 217 (25%) | 352 (24%) | 238 (19%) | 208 (20%) |
| Severe (≤ 100) | 1097 (24%) | 216 (25%) | 339 (23%) | 293 (23%) | 249 (24%) |
| Oxygen support, No. (%) | 9113 (69%) | 1457 (67%) | 2272 (64%) | 2880 (73%) | 2504 (69%) |
| Advanced respiratory support, No. (%) | 4188 (31%) | 727 (33%) | 1264 (36%) | 1058 (27%) | 1139 (31%) |
| Non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) | 2423 (18%) | 182 (8.3%) | 567 (16%) | 772 (20%) | 902 (25%) |
| Only NPPV | 2061 (85%) | 168 (92%) | 519 (92%) | 659 (85%) | 715 (79%) |
| Only HFNC | 136 (5.6%) | 8 (4.4%) | 26 (4.6%) | 48 (6.2%) | 54 (6.0%) |
| Both | 226 (9.3%) | 6 (3.3%) | 22 (3.9%) | 65 (8.4%) | 133 (15%) |
| Only NIRS | 1558 (12%) | 84 (3.8%) | 308 (8.7%) | 513 (13%) | 653 (18%) |
| NIRS failure | 865 (6.5%) | 98 (4.5%) | 259 (7.3%) | 259 (6.6%) | 249 (6.8%) |
| Only invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) | 1765 (13%) | 545 (25%) | 697 (20%) | 286 (7.3%) | 237 (6.5%) |
| Vasopressor, No. (%) | 1986 (15%) | 476 (22%) | 735 (21%) | 402 (10%) | 373 (10%) |
| Renal replacement therapy, No. (%) | 989 (7.4%) | 256 (12%) | 367 (10%) | 215 (5.5%) | 151 (4.1%) |
| Length-of-stay (LOS), Median (IQR) | |||||
| ICU [ n = 13,294] | 5 (2, 10) | 6 (3, 13) | 6 (3, 12) | 4 (2, 9) | 5 (2, 9) |
| Hospital [ n = 13,219] | 8 (5, 15) | 9 (6, 18) | 10 (6, 18) | 7 (5, 14) | 7 (5, 13) |
| Hospitalizations with LOS > 7 days | |||||
| ICU [ n = 13,294] | 4660 (35%) | 899 (41%) | 1398 (40%) | 1190 (30%) | 1173 (32%) |
| Hospital [ n = 13,219] | 7304 (55%) | 1324 (61%) | 2252 (64%) | 1931 (49%) | 1797 (50%) |
| 60-day in-hospital deaths, No. (%) | 1785 (13%) | 380 (17%) | 649 (18%) | 405 (10%) | 351 (9.6%) |
| Only NIRS [n = 1,558] | 72 (4.6%) | 6 (7.1%) | 14 (4.5%) | 22 (4.3%) | 30 (4.6%) |
| NIRS failure [ n = 865] | 444 (51%) | 40 (41%) | 125 (48%) | 139 (54%) | 140 (56%) |
| Only IMV [ n = 1,765] | 1028 (58%) | 285 (52%) | 430 (62%) | 177 (62%) | 136 (57%) |
| ICU deaths, No. (%) [ n = 13,294] | 1446 (11%) | 321 (15%) | 542 (15%) | 317 (8.1%) | 266 (7.3%) |
| In-hospital deaths, No. (%) [ n = 13,219] | 1814 (14%) | 385 (18%) | 662 (19%) | 412 (11%) | 355 (9.8%) |
| Ongoing patients, No. (%) | 82 (0.6%) | 16 (0.7%) | 26 (0.7%) | 15 (0.4%) | 25 (0.7%) |
*Period 1—February 27th to April 25th; Period 2—April 26th to June 6th; Period 3—June 7th to August 10th; and Period 4—August 11th to October 28th.
SD—standard deviation; IQR—interquartile range; SAPS—Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA—Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; NIRS—non-invasive respiratory support; NPPV—non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; HFNC—high-flow nasal cannula; IMV—invasive mechanical ventilation; ICU—intensive care unit