Table 2.
Characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients stratified by advanced respiratory support
| Characteristics | Total n = 4,188 |
NIRS only n = 1,558 |
NIRS failure n = 865 |
IMV n = 1,765 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 63 (49, 76) | 55 (43, 67) | 65 (53, 77) | 68 (54, 80) |
| < 40 | 482 (12%) | 286 (18%) | 65 (7.5%) | 131 (7.4%) |
| 40–49 | 601 (14%) | 307 (20%) | 105 (12%) | 189 (11%) |
| 50–59 | 779 (19%) | 376 (24%) | 143 (17%) | 260 (15%) |
| 60–69 | 840 (20%) | 270 (17%) | 227 (26%) | 343 (19%) |
| 70–79 | 696 (17%) | 162 (10%) | 143 (17%) | 391 (22%) |
| ≥ 80 | 790 (19%) | 157 (10%) | 182 (21%) | 451 (26%) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Female | 1516 (36%) | 546 (35%) | 305 (35%) | 665 (38%) |
| Male | 2672 (64%) | 1012 (65%) | 560 (65%) | 1100 (62%) |
| Admissions from emergency department | 2848 (68%) | 1244 (80%) | 581 (67%) | 1023 (58%) |
| Modified Frailty Index (MFI) | ||||
| Non-frail (MFI = 0) | 1164 (28%) | 617 (40%) | 199 (23%) | 348 (20%) |
| Pre-frail (MFI = 1–2) | 2128 (51%) | 732 (47%) | 459 (53%) | 937 (53%) |
| Frail (MFI > = 3) | 896 (21%) | 209 (13%) | 207 (24%) | 480 (27%) |
| SAPS-3, median (IQR) | 50 (42, 61) | 43 (39, 51) | 54 (45, 66) | 55 (46, 67) |
| ≤ 42 | 1,165 (28%) | 727 (47%) | 147 (17%) | 291 (16%) |
| 43–50 | 982 (23%) | 434 (28%) | 198 (23%) | 350 (20%) |
| 51–61 | 1,034 (25%) | 276 (18%) | 242 (28%) | 516 (29%) |
| > 61 | 1,007 (24%) | 121 (7.8%) | 278 (32%) | 608 (34%) |
| SOFA, median (IQR) | 2 (0, 5) | 1 (0, 2) | 3 (1, 7) | 4 (1, 8) |
| Any comorbidities, No. (%) | 3393 (81%) | 1111 (71%) | 754 (87%) | 1528 (87%) |
| PaO2 /FiO2 [ n = 1,963] | 170 (94, 279) | 216 (89, 329) | 142 (90, 233) | 172 (101, 273) |
| Normal (> 300) | 431 (22%) | 139 (32%) | 75 (15%) | 217 (21%) |
| Mild (201–300) | 385 (20%) | 89 (21%) | 91 (18%) | 205 (20%) |
| Moderate (101–200) | 621 (32%) | 78 (18%) | 191 (38%) | 352 (34%) |
| Severe (≤ 100) | 526 (27%) | 125 (29%) | 146 (29%) | 255 (25%) |
| Non-invasive respiratory support | ||||
| Only NPPV | 2061 (85%) | 1356 (87%) | 705 (82%) | - |
| Only HFNC | 136 (5.6%) | 87 (5.6%) | 49 (5.7%) | - |
| Both | 226 (9.3%) | 115 (7.4%) | 111 (13%) | - |
| Vasopressor, No. (%) | 1890 (45%) | 60 (3.9%) | 672 (78%) | 1158 (66%) |
| Renal replacement therapy, No. (%) | 896 (21%) | 24 (1.5%) | 278 (32%) | 594 (34%) |
| Length-of-stay (LOS), median (IQR) | ||||
| ICU [ n = 4,185] | 12 (7, 22) | 8 (4, 11) | 19 (12, 27) | 16 (9, 27) |
| Hospital [ n = 4,160] | 17 (10, 30) | 11 (8, 16) | 24 (16, 38) | 22 (12, 38) |
| Hospitalizations with LOS > 7 days | ||||
| ICU [ n = 4,185] | 3011 (72%) | 788 (51%) | 787 (91%) | 1436 (81%) |
| Hospital [ n = 4,160] | 3496 (84%) | 1166 (75%) | 804 (94%) | 1526 (87%) |
| Period 1 (February 27th to April 25th) | 727 (17%) | 84 (5.4%) | 98 (11%) | 545 (31%) |
| Period 2 (April 26th to June 6th) | 1264 (30%) | 308 (20%) | 259 (30%) | 697 (39%) |
| Period 3 (June 7th to August 10th) | 1058 (25%) | 513 (33%) | 259 (30%) | 286 (16%) |
| Period 4 (August 11th to October 28th) | 1139 (27%) | 653 (42%) | 249 (29%) | 237 (13%) |
| 60-day in-hospital deaths, No. (%) | 1544 (37%) | 72 (4.6%) | 444 (51%) | 1028 (58%) |
| ICU deaths, No. (%) [ n = 13,294] | 1329 (32%) | 47 (3.0%) | 398 (46%) | 884 (50%) |
| In-hospital deaths, No. (%) [ n = 13,219] | 1572 (38%) | 73 (4.7%) | 457 (53%) | 1042 (59%) |
SD—standard deviation; IQR—interquartile range; SAPS—Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA—Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; NIRS—non-invasive respiratory support; NPPV—non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; HFNC—high-flow nasal cannula; IMV—invasive mechanical ventilation; ICU—intensive care unit.