Table 2.

Therapeutic target of exosomal ncRNAs for HCC.

Therapeutic substances	Functions	Targets/Substrates	References
ncRNAs
miR-451a	Inhibiting paclitaxel resistance, proliferation, metastasis and EMT of tumor cells, as well as inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest	ADAM10	(153)
miR-145	Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells, antagonizing the growth rate of xenograft tumors and the number of lung metastases in nude mice	GOLM1/GSK-3b/MMPs	(47)
miR-125	Inhibiting the proliferation and sphere formation of HCC cells	CD90	(50)
lncRNA H19	Inducing HCC cell apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and EMT, as well as reducing serum markers (AFP and GGT) and liver enzyme levels (AFP and GGT) in HCC rats	miR-21, lnc Tuc339, lnc HEIH, lnc HOTAIRmiR122, miR148a, miR16, miR125b	(151)
SENP3-EIF4A1	Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells, and reducing the volume and weight of xenograft tumors in nude mice	miR-9-5p/ZFP36	(36)
circ-0051443	Inhibiting the proliferation of HCC cells, mediating G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as well as reducing the weight and volume of xenograft tumors in nude mice	miR-331-3p/BAK1	(57)
Drugs
nano-drugbased on the PDCM system	Inhibiting the growth rate of xenograft tumors, reducing the number of lung metastatic nodules, and improving the acidic environment of tumor microenvironment through targeted inhibition of exosomal miR-21 and miR-10b secreted by HCC cells	Exosomal miR-21, miR-10b	(164)
Pantoprazole	Improving liver functions (ALT, albumin, T bilirubin, D bilirubin, and Alfa Fetoprotein AFP) and liver microstructure characteristics of precancerous lesion rats, and improving the acidic tumor microenvironment.	Exosomal RAB11A mRNA, lncRNA RP11-513I15.6, miRNA-1262	(167)
Sphk2 RNAi nanoparticles	Inducing a reduced packaging of miRNA-21 in exosomes by inhibiting the expression of packaging protein S1P, subsequently inhibiting the carcinogenic efficacy of TDEs and avoiding normal cell canceration.	Exosomal miRNA-21	(160)