Table 1.
Key players in innate immunity that underlie the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis, and potentially Alzheimer disease and age-related macular degeneration.
| Immunological players | Bacterial meningitis | Alzheimer disease | Age-related macular degeneration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensors | Complement system | Classic, lectin and alternative complement pathways | Classic and alternative complement pathways | Alternative complement pathways |
| Other PRRs | TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9, CD14, NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3 | TLR2, TLR4, CD14, NLRC4, NLRP1, NLRP3 | TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, CD14, CD36, NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, RAGE | |
| Mediators | Cytokines | TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β | TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TGF-β | IL-18, IL-1β |
| Chemokines | CCL1, CCL2, CCL3-4, CCL8, CCL9, CCL11-12 CCL15, CCL18, CCL20, CCL24-25, CXCL1-2, CXCL4-5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL12-13, CXCL16, MIF, XCL-1 | CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10 | CCL2 | |
| Effectors | Immune cells | Neutrophils (predominant), monocytes, microglia, astrocytes, macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells, ependymal cells | Microglia, macrophages, astrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells | Microglia, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, retinal pigment epithelia, choroidal endothelial cells |
| References | Nockher et al. (1999), Polfliet et al. (2001), Koedel (2009), Braun et al. (2011), Mook-Kanamori et al. (2011), Coutinho et al. (2013), Geldhoff et al. (2013), Mamik and Power (2017), and Thorsdottir et al. (2019) | Landreth and Reed-Geaghan (2009), Domingues et al. (2017), Jevtic et al. (2017), Kong et al. (2017), Mamik and Power (2017), and Krance et al. (2019) | Kaarniranta and Salminen (2009), Ambati et al. (2013), Camelo (2014), and Chen et al. (2015) |
Shared properties are bolded. Abbreviations: CCL, CC chemokine ligand; CD, cluster of differentiation; CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IL, interleukin; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; NOD, Nucleotide oligomerisation domain; NLRP, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich—containing family, pyrin domain—containing; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; XCL-1, chemokine (C motif) ligand.