Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics.
| Low CAVI (CAVI < 8.9, n = 145) | High CAVI (CAVI ≥ 8.9, n = 78) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAVI | 7.31 (6.50–8.00) | 9.62 (9.36–10.14) | <0.001 |
| Demographic data | |||
| Age (years old) | 58.0 (46.0–65.0) | 69.0 (61.0–74.0) | <0.001 |
| Male sex (n, %) | 112 (77.2) | 66 (84.6) | 0.191 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 (22.2–28.1) | 23.0 (21.4–26.3) | 0.013 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.5 (108.0–143.0) | 130.0 (115.0–151.5) | 0.094 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.5 (61.0–86.0) | 77.0 (62.0–91.0) | 0.436 |
| Heart rate (/min) | 78.0 (65.0–96.0) | 73.0 (62.0–89.5) | 0.140 |
| NYHA functional class III or IV(n, %) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.3) | 0.578 |
| Ischemic etiology (n, %) | 41 (32.5) | 29 (44.6) | 0.070 |
| Reduced/mid-range/preserved EF (n, %) | 48 (38.4)/24 (19.2)/53 (42.4) | 19 (29.7)/14 (21.9)/31 (48.8) | 0.496 |
| Co-morbidities | |||
| Hypertension (n, %) | 99 (68.3) | 64 (82.1) | 0.019 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 60 (41.4) | 41 (52.6) | 0.072 |
| Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 116 (80.0) | 68 (87.2) | 0.122 |
| Coronary artery disease (n, %) | 51 (35.2) | 35 (44.9) | 0.101 |
| Cerebral vascular disease (n, %) | 17 (11.7) | 9 (11.5) | 0.577 |
| Chronic kidney disease (n, %) | 48 (34.3) | 37 (54.4) | 0.005 |
| Anemia (n, %) | 31 (22.5) | 23 (33.3) | 0.067 |
| Medications | |||
| β blockers (n, %) | 126 (86.9) | 68 (87.2) | 0.565 |
| ACEIs/ARBs (n, %) | 117 (80.7) | 67 (85.9) | 0.216 |
| Loop diuretics (n, %) | 84 (57.9) | 49 (62.8) | 0.286 |
| Inotropic agents (n, %) | 16 (11.0) | 12 (15.4) | 0.233 |
| Calcium blockers (n, %) | 40 (27.6) | 28 (35.9) | 0.129 |
| Antiplatelet agents (n, %) | 71 (49.0) | 31 (60.3) | 0.070 |
| Anticoagulants (n, %) | 68 (46.9) | 35 (44.9) | 0.441 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| BNP (pg/mL) | 151.6 (43.8–509.4) | 207.4 (72.5–431.3) | 0.326 |
| Echocardiographic data | |||
| LVEF (%) | 45.0 (31.9–60.4) | 46.0 (36.9–63.0) | 0.250 |
| Cardiopulmonary exercise testing | |||
| Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 17.3 (14.4–21.1) | 14.6 (12.8–17.7) | <0.001 |
| VE-VCO2 slope | 30.8 (26.7–34.0) | 32.7 (29.1–39.8) | <0.001 |
CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; EF, ejection fraction; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; VO2, oxygen uptake; VE-VCO2, ventilatory equivalent vs. carbon dioxide output.