Table 4.
Study characteristics and the association with ISI grades (n = 10,296).
| Characteristics | N (%) | Insomnia severity index grades | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No clinically significant insomnia (ISI score = 0–7) n = 3,132 |
Subthreshold insomnia (ISI score = 8–14) n = 3,747 |
Clinical insomnia (moderate severity) (ISI score = 15–21) n = 2,929 |
Clinical insomnia (severe) (ISI score = 22–28) n = 488 |
χ2 | p-value | ||
| Gender | 23.3 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Male | 2,305 (22.4) | 626 (13) | 871 (23.2) | 717 (24.5) | 91 (18.6) | ||
| - Female | 7,991 (77.6) | 2,506 (80) | 2,876 (76.8) | 2,212 (75.5) | 397 (81.4) | ||
| Age (years) | 153.7 | <0.001** | |||||
| - <30 | 6,657 (64.7) | 1,781 (56.9) | 2,449 (65.4) | 2,051 (70) | 376 (77) | ||
| - ≥ 30 | 3,639 (35.3) | 1,351 (43.1) | 1,298 (34.6) | 878 (30) | 112 (16) | ||
| Marital status | 78.2 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Single (including widows and divorced) | 6,594 (51) | 1,880 (55) | 2,342 (62.5) | 2,003 (68.4) | 369 (75.6) | ||
| - Married | 3,702 (36) | 1,252 (40) | 1,405 (37.5) | 926 (31.6) | 119 (24.4) | ||
| Highest education | 72.7 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Elementary | 27 (0.3) | 9 (0.3) | 9 (0.2) | 9 (0.3) | 0 (0) | ||
| - Preparatory | 261 (2.5) | 75 (2.4) | 121 (3.2) | 54 (1.8) | 11 (2.3) | ||
| - Secondary/diploma | 2,570 (18) | 745 (23.8) | 879 (23.5) | 823 (28.1) | 123 (25.2) | ||
| - Bachelor/higher degree | 6,393 (62.1) | 1,918 (61.2) | 2,421 (64.6) | 1,740 (59.4) | 314 (64.3) | ||
| - Post graduate (Master, PhD) | 857 (8.3) | 303 (9.7) | 272 (7.3) | 247 (8.4) | 35 (7.2) | ||
| - Other | 188 (1.8) | 82 (2.6) | 45 (1.2) | 56 (1.9) | 5 (22) | ||
| Occupation | 288.7 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Full-time employee | 2,794 (27.1) | 935 (29.9) | 1,052 (28.1) | 710 (24.2) | 97 (19.9) | ||
| - Part-time employee | 1,160 (11.3) | 365 (11.7) | 421 (11.2) | 329 (11.2) | 45 (9.2) | ||
| - Student | 3,878 (37.7) | 941 (30) | 1,432 (38.2) | 1,275 (43.5) | 230 (47.1) | ||
| - Unemployed | 2,118 (20.6) | 694 (22.2) | 771 (20.6) | 546 (18.6) | 107 (21.9) | ||
| - Retired | 187 (1.8) | 135 (4.3) | 20 (0.5) | 28 (22) | 4 (0.8) | ||
| - Other | 159 (1.5) | 62 (23) | 51 (1.4) | 41 (1.4) | 5 (22) | ||
| Financial status | 111.1 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Stable income | 4,012 (39) | 1,410 (45) | 1,482 (39.6) | 987 (33.7) | 133 (27.3) | ||
| - Non-stable income | 6,284 (52) | 1,722 (56) | 2,265 (60.4) | 1,942 (66.3) | 355 (72.7) | ||
| Financial issue during COVID-19 pandemic | 555.8 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Yes | 5,145 (50) | 1,084 (34.6) | 1,892 (50.5) | 1,826 (62.3) | 343 (70.3) | ||
| - No | 5,151 (50) | 2,048 (65.4) | 1,855 (49.5) | 1,103 (37.7) | 145 (29.7) | ||
| COVID-19 infection | 273.4 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Yes | 1,525 (14.8) | 229 (7.3) | 550 (14.7) | 636 (21.7) | 110 (22.5) | ||
| - No | 8,771 (85.2) | 2,903 (92.7) | 3,197 (85.3) | 2,293 (78.3) | 378 (77.5) | ||
| Current health status | 526.5 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Best health | 6,680 (64.9) | 2,417 (77.2) | 2,377 (63.4) | 1,613 (55.1) | 273 (55.9) | ||
| - Good health | 1,943 (18.9) | 454 (14.5) | 795 (21.2) | 612 (20.9) | 82 (16.8) | ||
| - Average health | 1,065 (10.3) | 129 (4.1) | 395 (10.5) | 451 (15.4) | 90 (18.4) | ||
| - I feels unwell | 357 (3.5) | 36 (1.1) | 115 (3.1) | 181 (6.2) | 25 (5.1) | ||
| - I am very ill | 251 (2.4) | 96 (3.1) | 65 (1.7) | 72 (2.5) | 18 (3.7) | ||
| Considered suicide during COVID-19 lockdown | 657.6 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Yes | 1,002 (9.7) | 47 (1.5) | 279 (7.4) | 574 (19.6) | 102 (20.9) | ||
| - No | 9,294 (90.3) | 3,085 (98.5) | 3,468 (92.6) | 2,355 (80.4) | 386 (79.1) | ||
| Abuse or domestic violence | 1054.5 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Yes | 3,579 (34.8) | 504 (16.1) | 1,236 (33) | 1,532 (52.3) | 307 (62.9) | ||
| - No | 6,717 (65.2) | 2,628 (83.9) | 2,511 (57) | 1,397 (47.7) | 181 (37.1) | ||
| Lockdown compliance | 107.2 | <0.001** | |||||
| - Fully compliant to instruction | 2,551 (24.8) | 866 (27.7) | 810 (21.6) | 746 (25.5) | 129 (26.4) | ||
| - Most of the time | 3,052 (29.6) | 923 (29.5) | 1,160 (31) | 814 (27.8) | 155 (31.8) | ||
| - Somewhat | 2,197 (21.3) | 524 (16.7) | 903 (24.1) | 679 (23.2) | 91 (18.6) | ||
| - A little | 1,475 (14.3) | 480 (15.3) | 541 (14.4) | 407 (13.9) | 47 (9.6) | ||
| - No personal isolation practice | 1,021 (9.9) | 339 (10.8) | 333 (8.9) | 283 (9.7) | 66 (13.5) | ||