Table 2.

Summary of the most promising prophylactic cancer vaccine formulations and possible antigens and targets associated with each vaccine strategy.

Vaccine Strategy	Example Vaccines Developed	Antigens/Targets
Virus-like Particles	Cervarix and Gardasil – Commercially available vaccines for HPV (78) HER2-VLP Vaccine – Vaccine for HER2-Postive breast cancer (79) MS2 mRNA-based VLP – Vaccine for prostate cancer (12)	HER2 – protein (79)
Carbohydrate-based	4-KLH Vaccine – Vaccine for colorectal cancer targeting STn (84)	Sialyl-TN – oncofetal antigen (17)
Peptide	KRAS-targeting Peptide Vaccine – Vaccine for lung cancer (100) MUC1-poly-ICLC Vaccine – Vaccine for colorectral cancer (107)	KRAS – proto-oncogene (100)MUC1- glycoprotein and TAA (107)
DNA	RALA-pPSCA-loaded MNs – Vaccine for CRPC (26)HPV Polynucleotide Vaccine – Vaccine for HPV16 and HPV18 (115)	Ral-A – protein (26)E6/E7 – oncoprotein (116)
Tumor-derived Exosomes	RT-TEX Vaccine – Vaccine for mammary carcinoma (29)	Multiple targets (29)
mRNA	Nasal Encapsulated mRNA Vaccine – Vaccine encoding for tumor antigen (31) MS2 mRNA-based VLP – Vaccine for prostate cancer (12)	Multiple targets (12, 31)
Allogenic Tumor Cell	Tumor Nano-Lysate Vaccine – Vaccine for triple-negative breast cancer (37)	Multiple targets (37)