TABLE 4.

Genetic studies on side effects of lithium in patients with bipolar disorder.

Author/Year	Sample size	Gene	Results	Side effects analyzed
Zill et al. (2003)	149 patients with BD treated with lithium	GNAL (G protein subunit alpha L)	No evidence for association of 2 intronic SNPs (A > G in intron 3 and T > G in intron 10	Hand tremor, weight gain, cognitive dysfunction
Rybakowski et al. (2013)	78 patients with BD treated with lithium	GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β)	-50 C/T polymorphism; patients homozygous for C allele had significantly higher urine specific gravities	Alteration or impairment of: Urine specific gravity, serum creatinine, eGFR, serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, urine beta2-microglobulin
Tsermpini et al. (2017)	70 patients with BD treated with lithium	ACCN1 (acid sensing ion channel Neurona-1)	rs378448; low eGFR associated with the CC genotype at this SNP	eGFR

BD, bipolar disorder; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.