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. 2021 Apr 14;28(33):44949–44972. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13639-6

Table 10.

Panel cointegration test (Westerlund 2005, 2007)

Statistic P value
Variance Ratio (VR) a − 2.0971 0.0180

Ho: No cointegration

Ha: Some panels are cointegrated

aVR test for no cointegration by testing for the presence of a unit root in the residuals.