Figure 3. Vignacyanidin (VIG) stimulates osteoblast differentiation but does not affect adipogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (AE) W20-17 cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, or 10 μM VIG along with 20 ng/ml of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-4 for 3 days. The mRNA levels of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) (A), Osterix (Osx) (B), Alkaline phosphatase (Alp) (C), and Osteocalcin (Oc) (D) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. ALP activity was also assessed (E). (F) W20-17 cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, or 10 μM VIG along with 0.5 mM of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 10 μM dexamethasone, 10 μg/ml insulin, and 10 μM rosiglitazone. Adipocytes were stained with Oil Red O on day 7. Original magnification, 4×. Data are presented as mean±SD (n=4). **p<0.01, *p<0.05, versus control treatment.