Table 1.

The characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis

Study	Country	Design	Participant	Diagnose	Sex	Sample size	Diabetes type
Shaw CK 1993 [33]	China-Taiwan	Case-controlled study	Volunteers (15 to 83 years old) living in Lin-Kou Township	BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4) measured by dual-photon absorptiometry (DP4, Lunar Radiation Corp, Madison, WI)	Female and male	404	Both
Chumnumnawin M 2008 [34]	Thailand	Case-controlled study	Priests older than 20 years old to the out-patients Department of Priest Hospital with other complaints	BMD of calcaneum measured by ultrasonography	Both	659	Both
El-Heis MA 2013 [35]	Jordan	Case-controlled study	Women referred to the Radiology Department at King Abdullah University Hospital	BMD of the lumbar spine (L1 to L4) and femoral hip (neck, trochanter) measured by DXA	Female	384	Both
Zhou R 2013 [36]	China	Case-controlled study	Sampled from three randomly selected communities in Chongqing, aged 60 and over	BMD of the femoral neck measured by DXA (Prodigy fan beam densitometer; Lunar, GE Medical System, Madison, WI)	Both	1729	Both
Daisuke A 2015 [37]	Japan	Case-controlled study	Consecutive outpatients aged 50 years at our hospital	BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4) measured by DXA	Both	255	T2DM
Saei GNM 2015 [38]	Iran	Case-controlled study	360 non-pregnant women over the age of 15 who referred for bone density testing to the Urmia Imam Khomeini Academic Hospital	BMD of the femoral neck and the lumbar spine L1-L4 measured by DXA	Female	360	Both
Liu D 2016 [39]	China	Case-controlled study	Local elderly people in 8 communities Chongqing city	BMD of vertebral and femoral neck measured by DXA (GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI)	Both	1802	Both
Neglia C 2016 [40]	Italy	Case-controlled study	Postmenopausal subjects from the Ionian and Salento Osteoporosis Registry/Euro Mediterranean Registry of Osteoporosis	AD-SoS T-score of distal metaphysis of the first phalanges by ultrasound measurements performed by DBM Sonic Bone Profiler 1200	Female	4909	T1/2DM
Dana H 2017 [41]	Jordan	Case-controlled study	All Jordanian women aged over 45 years, of menopausal duration of more than 1 year	BMD of the lumbar spine L1–L4 and left femoral neck measured by DXA	Female	1079	T2DM
Heidari B 2017 [42]	Iran	Case-controlled study	Aged 60 years and older from the Amirkola health and ageing project cohort	BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4) and femoral neck measured by DXA	Both	553	Both
Lee SH 2017 [43]	Korea	Representative case-controlled study	Adults older than 50 years of age from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey	BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total proximal femur measured by DXA (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA)	Both	1081	Both
Lin HH 2018 [44]	China-Taiwan	Case-controlled study	Participants older than 50 years, underwent a health examination at a preventive examination agency in urban Taiwan	BMD of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck measured by DXA (LunarProdigy Advance; GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA)	Both	2007	Both
Yoo JE 2018 [45]	Korea	Case-controlled study	Men aged ≥30 years and who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey	BMD of the femoral neck, totalfemur, and lumbar spine (L1–L4) measured by DXA (DISCOVERY-W fan-beam densitometer;Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA)	Male	6104	Both
Wang Y 2019 [46]	China	Case-controlled study	General middle-aged and older population in China	Mean BMD measured by DXA (Alara Inc., Fremont, CA, US)	Both	6267	Both

BMD bone mineral density, DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry