Table 1.
Subject characteristics
| Mothers | Fathers | Newborns | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With hypercholesterolemia | n* | Without hypercholesterolemia | n* | With hypercholesterolemia | n* | Without hypercholesterolemia | n* | All | n* | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 31.2 (4.5) | 376 | 32.3 (4.4) | 303 | 36.9 (6.6) | 303 | 33.0 (5.1) | 376 | 0 | 679 |
| Female, n (%) | – | – | – | – | 341 (50.2) | 679 | ||||
| Body weight** (kg), mean (SD) | 70.7 (14.9) | 373 | 71.1 (14.0) | 294 | 91.0 (14.3) | 293 | 86.3 (12.6) | 369 | 3.6 (0.5) | 679 |
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 167 (6) | 375 | 168 (6) | 301 | 180 (7) | 297 | 182 (7) | 371 | 51 (2) | 652 |
| BMI*** (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.2 (5.1) | 373 | 25.2 (4.9) | 294 | 28.0 (4.0) | 292 | 26.2 (3.5) | 369 | – | |
| Gestational weight gain (kg), mean (SD) | 14.3 (6.4) | 334 | 14.4 (6.1) | 251 | – | – | – | |||
| Gestational age (days), median (IQR) | 281 (273–287) | 376 | 281 (274–287) | 303 | – | – | – | |||
| Education (years), n (%) | ||||||||||
| < 12 | 24 (6.6) | 366 | 22 (7.5) | 293 | 25 (8.7) | 289 | 33 (9.1) | 362 | – | |
| 12 | 87 (23.8) | 366 | 80 (27.3) | 293 | 108 (37.4) | 289 | 123 (34.0) | 362 | – | |
| 13–16 | 151 (41.3) | 366 | 123 (42.0) | 293 | 90 (31.1) | 289 | 110 (30.4) | 362 | – | |
| ≥ 17 | 104 (28.4) | 366 | 68 (23.2) | 293 | 66 (22.8) | 289 | 96 (26.5) | 362 | – | |
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 28 (7.5) | 375 | 22 (7.3) | 303 | 46 (15.3) | 300 | 62 (16.6) | 374 | – | |
| SPB (mmHg), mean (SD) | 116 (12) | 344 | 115 (12) | 262 | – | – | – | |||
| DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 71 (9) | 344 | 70 (9) | 262 | – | – | – | |||
| CVD, n (%) | 3 (0.8) | 376 | 3 (1.0) | 303 | 59 (19.5) | 303 | 2 (0.5) | 376 | – | |
| LLT, n (%) | 48 (12.8) | 376 | 0 | 303 (100) | 303 | 0 | – | |||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 6.1 (1.2) | 375 | 4.8 (0.9) | 302 | 3.8 (1.0) | 303 | 3.9 (0.9) | 375 | 1.4 (0.5) | 674 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 2.3 (0.7) | 375 | 1.6 (0.5) | 302 | 1.4 (0.6) | 303 | 1.5 (0.5) | 375 | 0.3 (0.2) | 674 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 1.9 (0.3) | 375 | 1.8 (0.3) | 302 | 1.1 (0.2) | 303 | 1.1 (0.2) | 375 | 0.8 (0.2) | 674 |
SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; SPB, peri-pregnancy systolic blood pressure; DBP, peri-pregnancy diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; LLT, pre-pregnancy lipid-lowering treatment; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein
*Includes first participation only (31 mothers participated twice in our sample); **body weight is birth weight for newborns; ***BMI is pre-pregnancy for mothers and peri-pregnancy for fathers (at completion of questionnaire 1)