Table 3.
Characteristics of the study population overall, and stratified for risk for and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus
| Characteristics | Low risk (n = 721) | High risk (n = 352) | Overall (n = 1073) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| no GDM (n = 711) | GDM (n = 10) | no GDM (n = 281) | GDM (n = 71) | ||
| Age (years) | 31.0 (4.2) | 30.1 (3.0) | 32.3 (4.4) | 32.2 (4.7) | 31.4 (4.3) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.5 (20.6–24.3) | 23.6 (22.0–24.8) | 27.8 (25.0–31.2) | 30.1 (27.8–33.3) | 23.7 (21.4–27.3) |
| Ethnicity (Caucasian) | 641 (90.2) | 9 (90.0) | 203 (72.5) | 51 (71.8) | 904 (84.2) |
| Parity (nulliparous) | 318 (44.7) | 5 (50.0) | 93 (33.1) | 24 (33.8) | 440 (41.0) |
| Spontaneous conception | 668 (94.0) | 10 (100) | 256 (91.1) | 69 (97.2) | 1003 (93.5) |
| Pre-existent hypertension | 4 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (4.3) | 2 (2.9) | 18 (1.7) |
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome | 14 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (2.1) | 5 (7.0) | 24 (2.2) |
| History of gestational diabetes mellitus | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (5.0) | 17 (23.9) | 31 (2.9) |
| History of macrosomiaa | 19 (2.7) | 1 (10.0) | 12 (4.3) | 7 (9.9) | 39 (3.6) |
| History of unexplained intra-uterine fetal demise | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (2.8) | 4 (0.4) |
| Family history of diabetesb | 39 (5.5) | 1 (10.0) | 124 (44.1) | 27 (38.0) | 190 (17.7) |
| First trimester glucose (mmol/L) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) | 4.5 (4.1–4.8) | 5.0 (4.7–5.4) | 5.3 (4.9–5.6) | 4.7 (4.4–5.1) |
| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | 73 (10.3) | 2 (20.0) | 43 (15.3) | 16 (22.5) | 134 (12.5) |
| Induction of birth | 139 (19.5) | 5 (50.0) | 75 (26.7) | 37 (52.1) | 256 (23.9) |
| Mode of birth (spontaneous) | 573 (80.6) | 3 (30.0) | 217 (77.2) | 47 (66.2) | 840 (84.4) |
| Postpartum hemorrhage > 1000 ml | 60 (8.4) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (6.8) | 8 (11.3) | 87 (8.1) |
| Maternal death | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Gestational age at birth (days) | 281 (274–286) | 276 (270–279) | 280 (272–287) | 273 (266–281) | 280 (273–286) |
| Birthweight (grams) | 3500 (3140–3810) | 4008 (3712–4357) | 3507 (3155–3850) | 3480 (3088–3958) | 3500 (3140–3840) |
| Small-for-gestational-agec | 83 (11.7) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (12.5) | 6 (8.5) | 124 (11.6) |
| Large-for-gestational-agea | 55 (7.8) | 6 (60.0) | 39 (13.9) | 15 (21.1) | 118 (11.0) |
| Apgar-score < 7 after 5 min | 11 (1.6) | 1 (10.0) | 6 (2.2) | 1 (1.4) | 19 (1.8) |
| Shoulder dystocia | 18 (2.5) | 1 (10.0) | 10 (3.6) | 1 (1.4) | 30 (2.8) |
| Birth trauma | 5 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 6 (0.6) |
| Hypoglycemia < 2.6 mmol/L | 56 (7.9) | 3 (30.0) | 28 (10.0) | 20 (28.2) | 107 (10.0) |
| Neonatal intensive care admission | 20 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (3.2) | 2 (2.8) | 31 (2.9) |
| Perinatal death > 22 weeks gestational age | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.6) |
Values are mean (SD), median (interquartile range) or number (percentage)
GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, Low risk Low risk for GDM, High risk High risk for GDM. Predictors in prognostic model: age, body mass index, ethnicity, first trimester glucose level, family history of diabetes, GDM in a previous pregnancy
aBirthweight percentile > 90 [24]
bFirst degree family member with any type of diabetes mellitus
cBirthweight percentile < 10 [24]