Table 1.

Hepatitis viruses have developed multiple strategies to disrupt the immune response by hijacking the SOCS system

Virus	SOCS protein	In vivo or In vitro	Viral proteins	Mechanism	References
HCV	SOCS1/3	Hep-G2 cell	HCV core protein	Inhibit IFN-α induced expression of 2′,5′-OAS and MxA	[40]
	SOCS3	patients	HCV genotype 1	Reduce the biological response to IFN-α	[43]
	SOCS1	PBMC	HCV core protein	Dysregulate T- and B-cell signalling	[44–47]
	SOCS	Myeloid DCs	HCV genotype 3	Diminish capacity to present antigen	[49]
	SOCS3/7	Huh-7	HCV genotype 3	Downregulation of IRS1 and IRS2	[52–54]
HBV	SOCS3	Huh-7 and liver specimens from HBV-infected patients	adenoviral AdHBV (genotype A)	Dysregulate STAT/SOCS-signalling	[58]
	SOCS1	HepG2.2.15 cells and PBMC	HBV antigen, HBeAg	Promote inflammatory cytokine production	[60]
	SOCS1	plasmacytoid dendritic cells	HBsAg	Inhibition of the IFN-α production	[61]
	SOCS1/3	HBV transgenic mice	CTP-HBcAg18-27-tapasin	enhance T cell immune responses	[62–64]

Viral proteins disrupt the host’s immune response by hijacking different SOCS proteins in vivo or in vitro.