Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and procedural characteristics of patients undergoing elective procedures by COVID-19 status. Values are presented as count (%) unless otherwise indicated.
| COVID[−/−] N = 60,477 |
COVID[-/+] N = 310 |
COVID[+/−] N = 66 |
p-values |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three Way | COVID[-/+] vs. COVID[−/−] | COVID[+/−] vs. COVID[−/−] | ||||
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (median[IQR], years) | 67.0 [58.0,73.0] | 67.0 [59.0,73.8] | 67.0 [53.5,72.0] | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.36 |
| Sex (% Female) | 5302 (8.8) | 36 (11.6) | 6 (9.1) | 0.21 | 0.10 | 1 |
| Racea | ||||||
| White | 44,822 (74.1) | 228 (73.5) | 41 (62.1) | 0.24 | 0.77 | 0.08 |
| Black | 11,593 (19.2) | 58 (18.7) | 19 (28.8) | |||
| Other | 4062 (6.7) | 24 (7.7) | 6 (9.1) | |||
| Ethnicity (% Hispanic or Latino) | 3772 (6.2) | 21 (6.8) | 4 (6.1) | 0.93 | 0.79 | 1 |
| Body mass index (median[IQR]) | 29.2 [25.7,33.3] | 30.1 [26.4,34.1] | 29.8 [27.1,33.6] | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.31 |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 19,413 (32.1) | 101 (32.6) | 21 (31.8) | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.57 |
| Former | 26,742 (44.2) | 152 (49.0) | 25 (37.9) | |||
| Current | 12,581 (20.8) | 45 (14.5) | 17 (25.8) | |||
| Unknown | 1741 (2.9) | 12 (3.9) | 3 (4.5) | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 4836 (8.0) | 58 (18.7) | 10 (15.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.06 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 12,536 (20.7) | 91 (29.4) | 13 (19.7) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.96 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 1525 (2.5) | 17 (5.5) | 4 (6.1) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.15 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 569 (0.9) | 3 (1.0) | 2 (3.0) | 0.21 | 1 | 0.26 |
| Cancer | 20,582 (34.0) | 128 (41.3) | 28 (42.4) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.19 |
| End stage renal disease | 1521 (2.5) | 26 (8.4) | 1 (1.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.90 |
| Chronic hepatitis | 184 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (1.5) | 0.12 | 0.57 | 0.51 |
| Diabetes | 21,231 (35.1) | 139 (44.8) | 21 (31.8) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.67 |
| Procedural Characteristics | ||||||
| ASA class III or IVb | 46,065 (76.2) | 245 (79.0) | 47 (71.2) | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.42 |
| Anesthesia (% General) | 29,795 (49.3) | 152 (49.0) | 33 (50.0) | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1 |
| Organ system undergoing surgeryc | ||||||
| Musculoskeletal | 13,035 (21.6) | 64 (20.6) | 12 (18.2) | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.61 |
| Gastrointestinal | 11,429 (18.9) | 44 (14.2) | 14 (21.2) | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.75 |
| Ophthalmological | 10,650 (17.6) | 49 (15.8) | 6 (9.1) | 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.10 |
| Urological | 10,197 (16.9) | 60 (19.4) | 12 (18.2) | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.90 |
| Cardiovascular | 4372 (7.2) | 30 (9.7) | 4 (6.1) | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.90 |
| Integumentary | 4088 (6.8) | 19 (6.1) | 6 (9.1) | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.61 |
| Neurological | 3746 (6.2) | 29 (9.4) | 10 (15.2) | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Respiratory | 2960 (4.9) | 15 (4.8) | 2 (3.0) | 0.78 | 1 | 0.68 |
Abbreviations.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.
COVID[−/−], Patients who did not have a positive COVID-19 test within 30 days before surgery and their preoperative screening, nor a positive test within 30 days after surgery.
COVID[-/+], Patients who did not have a positive test within 30 days before surgery and their preoperative screening, but tested positive within 30 days after their surgery.
COVID[+/−], Patients who had at least one positive COVID-19 test within 30 days before surgery and their preoperative screening, but no positive tests within 30 days after surgery.
CPT, Current procedural terminology.
IQR, Interquartile range.
FNA, Fine-needle aspiration.
Other includes Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
ASA classes V and VI were excluded and the others were grouped due to low proportions.
Definition of the organ system is based on the first two digits of the CPT code. The following procedure types were excluded due to low proportions: miscellaneous, mediastinum/diaphragm, operating microscope, lymphatic, gynecological, maternity care, FNA procedures, endocrine, auditory.