Table 3.

Primary and secondary 30-day outcomes among patients who underwent an elective procedure by COVID-19 status. Values are presented as count (%) unless otherwise indicated.

30-day outcomes	COVID[-/+]a N = 283	COVID[−/−] N = 793	p-value	COVID[+/−]b N = 61	COVID[−/−] N = 168	p-value
Pulmonary complications	65 (23.0)	18 (2.3)	<0.001	3 (4.9)	8 (4.8)	1
Major complications	93 (32.9)	74 (9.3)	<0.001	9 (14.8)	19 (11.3)	0.64
Ischemic complications	12 (4.2)	15 (1.9)	0.05	2 (3.3)	2 (1.2)	0.62
Any complications	116 (41.0)	107 (13.5)	<0.001	12 (19.7)	25 (14.9)	0.50
Length of stay (median [IQR])	5.0 [3.0, 8.0]	3.0 [2.0, 6.0]	0.001	3.0 [2.0, 8.5]	3.0 [2.0, 4.0]	0.40

Abbreviations.

COVID[−/−], Patients who did not have a positive COVID-19 test within 30 days before surgery and their preoperative screening, nor a positive test within 30 days after surgery.

COVID[-/+], Patients who did not have a positive test within 30 days before surgery and their preoperative screening, but tested positive within 30 days after their surgery.

COVID[+/−], Patients who had at least one positive COVID-19 test within 30 days before surgery and their preoperative screening, but no positive tests within 30 days after surgery.

CPT, Current procedural terminology.

IQR, Interquartile range.

30-day Pulmonary complications: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ventilation.

30-day Major complications: mortality, readmission, reoperation.

30-day Ischemic complications: ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction.

30-day Any complications: mortality, readmission, reoperation, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ventilation, stroke, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, septic shock.

^aPatients were exactly matched on CPT code and month of elective procedure in the following ratio: 1 COVID[-/+]: 3 COVID[−/−].

^bPatients were exactly matched on CPT code and month of elective procedure in the following ratio: 1 COVID[+/−]: 3 COVID[−/−].