Table 1.
Positive Screening for Anxiety Was Defined as a Score of 3 or Higher on a Modified General Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) Questionnaire. DiD Difference in Difference. Positive Screening for Depression Was Defined as a Score of 3 or Higher on a Modified Patient Health Questionaire-2 (PHQ-2). *n=939,936. †COVID Per-Capita Infection Rate Was Calculated for Each State by Taking the Center for Disease Control’s 7-day Average of New COVID Cases as of July 21st (the Last Day of the Study Period) Divided by the State’s 2019 Population. Survey Respondents Were Then Divided into Quintiles Based on These Infection Rates
| Prevalence of positive screening for anxiety or depression | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted results | Adjusted results | |||||
| April 23–May 5, 2020 | July 16–July 21, 2020 | Absolute change (95% CI) | p value | DiD estimate (95% CI) | p | |
| All respondents n=988,349 | ||||||
| 35.9 | 40.9 | 5.0 (4.6, 5.4) | <0.001 | NA | NA | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 31.0 | 37.0 | 6.1 (5.7,6.5) | <0.001 | Reference | – |
| Female | 40.7 | 44.6 | 4.0 (3.4,4.5) | <0.001 | −2.1 (−2.2, −2.0) | <0.001 |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–44 | 41.9 | 49.3 | 7.5 (7.4,7.5) | <0.001 | 3.6 (3.6,3.7) | <0.001 |
| 45–65 | 35.7 | 39.5 | 3.8 (3.8,3.9) | 0.001 | Reference | – |
| 65+ | 23.6 | 25.4 | 1.8 (−0.30,3.9) | 0.09 | −2.0 (−4.0,.1) | 0.06 |
| Education | ||||||
| <HS | 45.4 | 47.3 | 2.0 (−0.40,4.3) | 0.10 | −2.9 (−5.4, −.38) | 0.02 |
| HS | 36.7 | 42.2 | 5.5 (4.0,7.1) | <.001 | .6 (−.68 , 2.0) | 0.34 |
| Some college | 34.5 | 39.4 | 4.9 (4.7,5.1) | <.001 | Reference | – |
| Race | ||||||
|
Non-Hispanic White |
33.6 | 38.8 | 5.3 (4.5,6.1) | <0.001 | Reference | – |
|
Non-Hispanic Black |
38.9 | 42.6 | 3.8 (3.2,4.4) | <0.001 | −1.5 (−2.9, −.10) | 0.04 |
|
Non-Hispanic Asian |
31.9 | 40.3 | 8.4 (2.5,14.3) | 0.006 | 3.1 (−2.0,8.2) | 0.23 |
|
Non-Hispanic Other |
43.9 | 48.8 | 4.9 (3.5,6.3) | <0.001 | −.4 (−.98,.17) | 0.16 |
| Hispanic | 42.7 | 46.3 | 3.6 (1.4,5.8) | 0.002 | −1.7 (−4.7,1.4) | 0.28 |
| 2019 family income * | ||||||
| <$25K | 51.0 | 54.1 | 3.1 (0.70,5.4) | 0.01 | −1.0 (−3.9, 1.9) | 0.52 |
| $25K–50K | 38.9 | 47.1 | 8.2 (6.4,10.1) | <0.001 | 4.2 (1.8,6.6) | 0.001 |
| $50K–100K | 34.3 | 37.7 | 3.4 (2.8,4.0) | <0.001 | −0.62 (−0.65, −0.59) | <0.001 |
| $100K + | 26.8 | 30.8 | 4.0 (3.5,4.6) | <0.001 | Reference | – |
| COVID infection rate in state† | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | 38.4 | 37.7 | −0.7 (−1.4, −0.02) | 0.04 | Reference | – |
| Quintile 2 | 35.3 | 41.1 | 5.8 (5.2,6.4) | <.001 | 6.5 (6.4,6.6) | <0.001 |
| Quintile 3 | 35.1 | 41.0 | 5.9 (4.2,7.6) | <.001 | 6.6 (4.2,9.0) | <0.001 |
| Quintile 4 | 34.8 | 44.2 | 9.4 (9.4,9.5) | <.001 | 10.1 (9.4,10.9) | <0.001 |
| Highest quintile | 35.8 | 42.2 | 6.4 (5.2,7.6) | <.001 | 7.1 (5.2, 9.0) | <0.001 |