Table 10.

Literature on long-term passenger demand changes in the face of COVID-19.

Study	Major finding
Abate et al. (2020)	A decrease in passenger demand for tourism and for business travel is expected until at least the end of 2021.
Gallego and Font (2020)	The changes in air passenger demand due to the COVID-19 were investigated, a flat-line L shape rather than a U shape recovery was suggested.
Gudmundsson et al. (2020)	The recovery periods for passengers and freight were estimated. It was shown that the recovery would take on average 2.4 and 2.2 years for passenger and freight demand.
Lamb et al. (2020)	Based on a survey with 632 participants, passengers' willingness to fly during and after the COVID-19 was studied. Four predictors were identified: perceived threat of COVID-19, agreeableness, affect (emotional predictors), and fear.
Oxford Analytica (2020)	The airline industry will not see traffic return to 2019 levels until 2024 or later.