Table 2.
Hazard Ratio for Smoking and Cardiovascular Outcomes Using 2 Longitudinal Causal Models and a Conventional Time-Dependent Cox Model With Different Exposure Terms (n = 4,621 Person-Visits), Caerphilly Heart Disease Study, United Kingdom, 1979–1998
| Model | Lagged Exposure | Prebaseline Exposure Adjustment | MSM + SIPTW | SAFTM + G-Estimation | Time-Dependent Cox Model + Partial Likelihood | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CL | HR | 95% CL | HR | 95% CL | |||
| 1 | Yes | Yes | 1.27 | 0.80, 2.02 | 1.25 | 0.89, 1.68 | 1.49 | 0.94, 2.34 |
| 2 | Yes | No | 1.68 | 1.25, 2.26 | 1.63 | 1.13, 2.33 | 1.62 | 1.22, 2.16 |
| 3 | No | Yes | 1.01 | 0.67, 1.54 | 1.25 | 1.18, 1.40 | 1.23 | 0.87, 1.73 |
| 4 | No | No | 1.44 | 1.08, 1.93 | 1.26 | 1.18, 1.68 | 1.47 | 1.13, 1.92 |
Abbreviations: CL, confidence limit; HR, hazard ratio; MSM, marginal structural model; SAFTM, structural accelerated failure time model; SIPTW, stabilized inverse-probability-of-treatment weight.