Table 3.
Top risk factors associated with depression, lack of mental well-being and anxietya
| Risk factors | Depression | Anxiety | Lack of mental well-being | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL | women | men | 16–44 | 45–64 | 65+ | TOTAL | women | men | 16–44 | 45–64 | 65+ | TOTAL | women | men | 16–44 | 45–64 | 65+ | |
| Worry about problems due living together at homeb | 1.80 (1.63 to 1.99) | 1.70 (1.52–1.91) | 2.29 (1.81–2.89 | 1.65 (143–1.90) | 1.81 (1.55–2.11) | 2.99 (1.87–4.80) | 2.05 (1.86 to 2.27) | 1.95 (1.74 to 2.18) | 2.58 (2.07 to 3.20) | 2.08 (1.80 to 2.40) | 1.75 (1.51 to 2.03) | 6.06 (3.84 to 9.55) | 1.93 (1.64–2.27) | 2.20 (1.78 to 2.72) | 1.56 (1.20 to 2.03) | 2.11 (1.56 to 2.85) | 1.81 (1.46 to 2.24) | 1.84 (1.13 to 3.01) |
| Worry about the uncertainty of when and how normality will returnb | 1.59 (1.49 to 1.70) | 1.62 (1.51 to 1.74) | 1.58 (1.36 to 1.83) | 1.59 (1.45 to 1.74) | 1.52 (1.38 to 1.68) | 2.29 (1.75 to 3.01) | 1.89 (1.78 to 2.01) | 1.87 (1.75 to 2.00) | 2.06 (1.79 to 2.36) | 1.90 (1.73 to 2.07) | 1.81 (1.65 to 1.98) | 2.38 (1.88 to 3.02) | 1.69 (1.58 to 1.81) | 1.79 (1.65–1.95) | 1.49 (1.32 to 1.68) | 1.91 (1.68 to 2.18) | 1.56 (1.43 to 1.71) | 1.79 (1.51 to 2.11) |
| Suffer from chronic diseases that increase own risk of COVID-19 infectionc | 1.56 (1.44 to 1.68) | 1.58 (1.44 to 1.72) | 1.56 (1.31 to 1.85) | 1.49 (1.30 to 1.70) | 1.55 (1.40 to 1.73) | 2.02 (1.57 to 2.61) | 1.36 (1.26 to 1.47) | 1.33 (1.22 to 1.46) | 1.50 (1.28 to 1.76) | 1.36 (1.19 to 1.55) | 1.35 (1.22 to 1.50) | 1.43 (1.13 to 1.82) | 1.28 (1.18 to 1.40) | 1.26 (1.13 to 1.40) | 1.37 (1.19 to 1.57) | 1.23 (1.01 to 1.49) | 1.25 (1.12 to 1.39) | 1.47 (1.23 to 1.74) |
| Worry about uncertain future of own jobb | 1.60 (1.49–1.72) | 1.58 (1.45 to 1.71) | 1.78 (1.51 to 2.09) | 1.43 (1.29 to 1.59) | 1.80 (1.61 to 2.01) | 1.65 (1.13 to 2.41) | 1.49 (1.39 to 1.60) | 1.49 (1.38 to 1.62) | 1.54 (1.32 to 1.80) | 1.33 (1.20 to 1.48) | 1.66 (1.50 to 1.85) | 1.48 (1.04 to 2.10) | 1.54 (1.41 to 1.68) | 1.47 (1.32 to 1.64) | 1.70 (1.45 to 1.98) | 1.58 (1.36 to 1.84) | 1.56 (1.38 to 1.76) | 1.38 (1.03 to 1.84) |
| Worry about the COVID-19’s negative economic consequencesb | 1.31 (1.23 to 1.41) | 1.32 (1.22 to 1.42) | 1.28 (1.08 to 1.50) | 1.31 (1.18 to 1.45) | 1.24 (1.13 to 1.37) | 2.02 (1.56 to 2.61) | 1.46 (1.37 to 1.56) | 1.49 (1.38 to 1.60) | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.50) | 1.40 (1.27 to 1.55) | 1.50 (1.37 to 1.64) | 1.49 (1.18 to 1.88) | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.94) | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.96) | 0.87 (0.76 to 0.99) | 0.77 (0.67 to 0.89) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.01) | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.11) |
| Worry about not being able to go out of the house or visit loved onesb | 1.39 (1.31 to 1.48) | 1.38 (1.29 to 1.48) | 1.44 (1.24 to 1.67) | 1.31 (1.20 to 1.44) | 1.43 (1.30 to 1.58) | 1.65 (1.28 to 2.15) | 1.38 (1.30 to 1.46) | 1.36 (1.27 to 1.46) | 1.42 (1.24 to 1.63) | 1.37 (1.25 to 1.50) | 1.34 (1.23 to 1.47) | 1.58 (1.26 to 1.98) | 1.30 (1.21 to 1.39) | 1.35 (1.24 to 1.46) | 1.18 (1.04 to 1.33) | 1.46 (1.29 to 1.66) | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.35) | 1.22 (1.03 to 1.45) |
| Worry about anxious children who do not know what to do, leading to tensions and bad child behaviourb | 1.45 (1.33 to 1.58) | 1.48 (1.34 to 1.62) | 1.30 (1.05 to 1.61) | 1.47 (1.29 to 1.68) | 1.48 (1.30 to 1.67) | 1.53 (1.11 to 2.09) | 1.62 (1.49 to 1.76) | 1.61 (1.47 to 1.76) | 1.72 (1.43 to 2.08) | 1.57 (1.39 to 1.78) | 1.68 (1.49 to 1.88) | 1.90 (1.44 to 2.51) | 1.44 (1.29 to 1.60) | 1.50 (1.32 to 1.71) | 1.29 (1.07 to 1.56) | 1.42 (1.17 to 1.73) | 1.56 (1.35 to 1.80) | 1.25 (0.97 to 1.61) |
| Being responsible for dependent people that take up most of the timec | 1.27 (1.01 to 1.60) | 1.38 (1.08 to 1.76) | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.45) | 0.78 (0.49 to 1.24) | 1.43 (1.08 to 1.90) | 1.83 (0.86 to 3.91) | 1.61 (1.30 to 2.00) | 1.61 (1.27 to 2.03) | 1.37 (0.75 to 2.49) | 1.38 (0.89 to 2.14) | 1.70 (1.30 to 2.22) | 1.59 (0.78 to 3.24) | 0.92 (0.71 to 1.18) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.19) | 0.92 (0.51 to 1.65) | 0.65 (0.36 to 1.15) | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.26) | 1.40 (0.77 to 2.54) |
| Worry about oneself or family member being infected by COVID-19b | 1.17 (1.10 to 1.24) | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.25) | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.40) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.23) | 1.20 (1.09 to 1.31) | 1.41 (1.07 to 1.84) | 1.49 (1.40 to 1.58) | 1.51 (1.41 to 1.61) | 1.44 (1.26 to 1.65) | 1.42 (1.31 to 1.55) | 1.55 (1.41 to 1.69) | 1.66 (1.29 to 2.12) | 1.16 (1.10 to 1.24) | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.28) | 1.27 (1.13 to 1.42) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.21) | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.42) |
| Worry about being alone and not being able to take care of oneselfb | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.28) | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.33) | 1.01 (0.81 to 1.25) | 1.16 (1.01 to 1.33) | 1.16 (1.03 to 1.32) | 1.25 (0.94 to 1.68) | 1.22 (1.12 to 1.32) | 1.25 (1.14 to 1.37) | 1.14 (0.93 to 1.38) | 1.30 (1.14 to 1.50) | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.23) | 1.56 (1.21 to 2.02) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.23) | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.28) | 1.07 (0.89 to 1.27) | 1.21 (0.96 to 1.52) | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.18) | 1.29 (1.04 to 1.61) |
| Spending more than 2 h a day reading COVID-19 news or informationc | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.27) | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.26) | 1.23 (1.05 to 1.44) | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.24) | 1.22 (1.10 to 1.35) | 1.32 (1.02 to 1.72) | 1.32 (1.23 to 1.41) | 1.30 (1.20 to 1.41) | 1.36 (1.17 to 1.57) | 1.33 (1.19 to 1.49) | 1.27 (1.15 to 1.40) | 1.57 (1.25–1.98) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.25) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.22) | 1.25 (1.10 to 1.42) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.28) |
aOdds ratios underlined in bold are those greater than 1.5, with probability values for confidence intervals of less than 0.001; odds ratios in bold are those greater than 1.25, with probability values for confidence intervals of less than 0.001; odds ratios that are not underlined or bold are not greater than 1.25, or have a probability value of 0.001 or greater
bWorry a lot (score 4 on a 4-point Likert scale from 1, not worried to 4, worried a lot) versus not score 4
cPresent versus absent