Table 5.

predicted binding parameters and interactions of piperine with respective protein targets

Target protein	Binding constant (μM)	Binding energy (kcal/mol)	Residues involved in binding	Residues involved in H- bonding
Apaf-1	0.456	-8.65	ASP244, SER161, HIS438, PRO123, VAL125, SER325, LEU322, PRO321, GLY159, GLY157, CYS158, LYS160, MET155, ARG265	SER325, GLY159, LYS160
PCNA	3.03	-7.53	ASP29, CYS27, GLU25, ASN24, ILE23, SER42, ASP41, HIS44, MET40, GLU124, LEU126, GLN38, VAL123	GLU25, LEU126
Bcl-2	41.14	-5.98	TYR67, ARG66, PHE63, ASP62, ALA59, ALA108, LEU96, ARG105, GLY104, ASN102	ARG105