Figure 11.

Plausible mechanisms of CGA-mediated amelioration of TAM-induced injury in rats’ hepatorenal system. Note that Cytochrome P450’s (CYP’s), known to biotransform TAM to various isoforms, here was used as a model to illustrate the consequence of induction of Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes is abrogated by CGA to produce less prooxidant radicals. The red arrow indicates upregulation and the green arrow indicates downregulation.