Table 3.
Characteristics of first campylobacteriosis cases as compared with age-matched controls*
| Characteristic, n (%) or mean (SD) | Cases (n = 54) | Controls (n = 108) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age at the time of campylobacteriosis case (months) | 5.8 (3) | 5.4 (3) | 0.4 |
| Birth characteristics | |||
| Gender (% female) | 26 (48) | 56 (52) | 0.7 |
| Race (% Latino/Mestizo) | 54 (100) | 107 (99) | 0.5 |
| Birth route (% vaginal delivery) | 33 (61) | 57 (53) | 0.3 |
| Gestational age at birth (completed weeks) | 39 (1) | 39 (1) | 0.7 |
| Mean birth weight (grams) | 3,156 (463) | 3,138 (415) | 0.8 |
| Mean age of mother (years) at child’s birth | 24 (5) | 24.5 (5) | 0.4 |
| Socioeconomic indicators | |||
| Maternal educational attainment (nine missing) | – | – | – |
| Completed any primary education | 13 (25) | 28 (28) | – |
| Completed any secondary education | 28 (53) | 40 (40) | – |
| Completed any university/vocational school | 12 (23) | 27 (27) | 0.4 |
| Illiterate | 0 (0) | 5 (5) | – |
| Mother employed at time of child’s birth (six missing) | |||
| Not formally employed | 37 (70) | 77 (75) | – |
| Skilled | 4 (8) | 6 (6) | – |
| Unskilled | 5 (9) | 4 (4) | 0.8 |
| Student | 4 (8) | 10 (10) | – |
| Other | 3 (6) | 6 (6) | – |
| Poverty index (% poor or extremely poor) (two missing) | 25 (46) | 70 (66) | 0.02 |
| Crowding index (> 2.5 people/bedroom) (three missing) | 16 (30) | 33 (31) | 0.8 |
| Non-dirt floor | 37 (69) | 74 (69) | 1.0 |
| Wall composition (% brick/cement) | 42 (78) | 90 (83) | 0.4 |
| Electricity (% yes) | 54 (100) | 108 (100) | N/A |
| Household sanitation | |||
| Water source (% municipal in home) | 45 (83) | 90 (83) | 1.0 |
| Sanitation type (% indoor toilet) | 38 (70) | 73 (68) | 0.7 |
| Shares sanitation (toilet/latrine) with another home | 3 (6) | 4 (4) | 0.7 |
| Any water storage in the home | 38 (70) | 68 (63) | 0.4 |
| Always uses ≥ 1 effective means of water purification† | 14 (26) | 25 (23) | 0.7 |
| Water source interruption in the past week | 5 (9) | 14 (13) | 0.5 |
| Animals in the home, any | |||
| Dog | 31 (57) | 59 (55) | 0.7 |
| Cat | 11 (20) | 23 (21) | 0.9 |
| Chickens | 15 (28) | 14 (13) | 0.02 |
| Pig | 3 (6) | 4 (4) | 0.7 |
| Cow | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1.0 |
| Goat | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Rabbit | 4 (7) | 5 (5) | 0.5 |
| Bird | 7 (13) | 11 (10) | 0.6 |
| Turtle | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Mice | 3 (6) | 10 (9) | 0.4 |
| Bat | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Other | 7 (13) | 11 (10) | 0.6 |
| Personal hygiene | |||
| Practices handwashing at appropriate moments‡ (two missing) | 44 (83) | 80 (75) | 0.2 |
| Use of alcohol hand sanitizer in home (% using at least sometimes) | 14 (26) | 25 (23) | 0.7 |
| Nutrition | |||
| Ever breastfed | 53 (98) | 108 (100) | 0.2 |
| Currently breastfeeding | 43 (80) | 85 (79) | 0.9 |
| Mean age of introduction of any supplementary foods/drinks (weeks) | 3.5 (3) | 3.3 (1) | 0.7 |
| Mean weight-for-age Z-score | 0.62 (1) | 0.59 (1) | 0.8 |
| Mean length-for-age Z-score | 0.28 (1) | 0.45 (1) | 0.4 |
| Mean BMI-for-age Z-score | 0.65 (1) | 0.47 (1) | 0.4 |
| Ate uncooked fruit/vegetable in the past week | 23 (43) | 54 (50) | 0.4 |
| Ate seafood in the past week | 2 (4) | 4 (4) | 1.0 |
| Ate outside the home in the past week | 8 (15) | 15 (14) | 0.9 |
| Shared a bottle or cup with another person in the past week | 11 (20) | 15 (14) | 0.3 |
| Interpersonal contact | |||
| Other child in home in diapers | 7 (13) | 22 (20) | 0.2 |
| Attended a social event in the past week | 11 (20) | 31 (29) | 0.3 |
| Attended day care in the past week | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Met/played with a child outside the home in the past week (two missing) | 12 (23) | 35 (33) | 0.2 |
| Used public transportation in the past week | 20 (37) | 35 (32) | 0.6 |
| Went swimming in the past week | 2 (4) | 1 (1) | 0.3 |
| Had contact with any person with diarrhea and/or vomiting, inside or outside the home, in the past week (one missing) | 9 (17) | 5 (5) | 0.02 |
| Gastroenteritis risk factors | |||
| Completed rotavirus vaccination (two missing) | 31 (59) | 55 (51) | 0.4 |
| Prior episode of gastroenteritis (of any cause) | 25 (46) | 22 (20) | 0.001 |
BMI = body mass index; SD = standard deviation.
*
Cases were matched 2:1 with controls within 3-month age-groups. Infants with a history of campylobacteriosis as indicated by reverse transcriptase-PCR were not eligible to be controls. Controls selected more than once were included twice, and controls who later became cases were included in both case and control columns.
†
Water treatment options include using a water filter (including sand and mud/ceramic filters), boiling water, adding bleach or chlorine, solar disinfection, straining through a cloth, letting water settle, purchasing purified water.
‡
Appropriate moments include after caring for a sick person, before eating, before preparing food, after using the bathroom, after changing diapers.