Table 1.
Patient baseline characteristics.
| Variables | Training cohort (n = 85) | Validation cohort (n = 37) | Z/F value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Age (years), median (interquartile range) | 59 (56, 65) | 60 (54, 65) | -0.136 | 0.891 |
| Gender, No. (%) | 0.127 | 0.722 | ||
| Male | 77 (90.6) | 32 (86.5) | ||
| Female | 8 (9.4) | 5 (13.5) | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| History of hepatitis B or C, No. (%) | 0.012 | 0.913 | ||
| Positive | 56 (65.9) | 24 (64.9) | ||
| Negative | 29 (34.1) | 13 (35.1) | ||
| AFP (IU/ml), No. (%) | 0.072 | 0.788 | ||
| ≤ 400 | 55 (64.7) | 23 (62.2) | ||
| > 400 | 30 (35.3) | 14 (37.8) | ||
| ALT (U/L), No. (%) | 3.376 | 0.066 | ||
| ≤ 50 | 47 (55.3) | 27 (73.0) | ||
| > 50 | 38 (44.7) | 10 (27.0) | ||
| AST (U/L), No. (%) | 3.751 | 0.053 | ||
| ≤ 40 | 30 (35.3) | 20 (54.1) | ||
| > 40 | 55 (64.7) | 17 (45.9) | ||
| GGT (U/L), No. (%) | 3.107 | 0.078 | ||
| ≤ 60 | 21 (24.7) | 15 (40.5) | ||
| > 60 | 64 (75.3) | 22 (59.5) | ||
| ALP (U/L), No. (%) | 0.004 | 0.948 | ||
| ≤ 125 | 50 (58.8) | 22 (59.5) | ||
| > 125 | 35 (41.2) | 15 (40.5) | ||
| TBIL (umol/L), No. (%) | 0.001 | 0.977 | ||
| ≤ 19 | 48 (56.5) | 21 (56.8) | ||
| > 19 | 37 (43.5) | 16 (43.2) | ||
| ALB (g/L), No. (%) | 0.072 | 0.788 | ||
| < 40 | 55 (64.7) | 23 (62.2) | ||
| ≥ 40 | 30 (35.3) | 14 (37.8) | ||
| PLT (×109/L), No. (%) | 2.864 | 0.091 | ||
| < 125 | 44 (51.8) | 13 (35.1) | ||
| ≥ 125 | 41 (48.2) | 24 (64.9) | ||
| PT (s), No. (%) | 0.050 | 0.822 | ||
| ≤ 13 | 51 (60.0) | 23 (62.2) | ||
| > 13 | 34 (40.0) | 14 (37.8) | ||
| Child-Pugh class, No. (%) | 0.009 | 0.924 | ||
| A | 65 (76.5) | 28 (75.7) | ||
| B | 20 (23.5) | 9 (24.3) | ||
| ECOG performance status, No. (%) | 4.500 | 0.034 | ||
| 0 | 77 (90.6) | 28 (75.7) | ||
| 1 | 5 (5.9) | 7 (18.9) | ||
| 2 | 3 (3.5) | 2 (5.4) | ||
| BCLC stage, No. (%) | 2.120 | 0.145 | ||
| A | 41 (48.2) | 15 (40.6) | ||
| B | 31 (36.5) | 10 (27.0) | ||
| C | 13 (15.3) | 12 (32.4) | ||
| Radiological features | ||||
| Tumor size, No. (%) | 2.064 | 0.151 | ||
| ≤ 5 cm | 51 (60.0) | 17 (45.9) | ||
| > 5 cm | 34 (40.0) | 20 (54.1) | ||
| Tumor location, No. (%) | 1.766 | 0.184 | ||
| Left lobe | 20 (23.5) | 6 (16.2) | ||
| Junction lobe | 1 (1.2) | 2 (5.4) | ||
| Right lobe | 63 (74.1) | 28 (75.7) | ||
| Caudate lobe | 1 (1.2) | 1 (2.7) | ||
| Tumor number, No. (%) | 2.349 | 0.125 | ||
| ≤ 3 | 77 (90.6) | 37 (100.0) | ||
| > 3 | 8 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Tumor shape, No. (%) | 1.761 | 0.184 | ||
| Circular | 67 (78.8) | 25 (67.6) | ||
| Irregular | 18 (21.2) | 12 (32.4) | ||
| Tumor margin, No. (%) | 0.780 | 0.377 | ||
| Smooth | 64 (75.3) | 25 (67.6) | ||
| Non-smooth | 21 (24.7) | 12 (32.4) | ||
| Intratumor necrosis, No. (%) | 0.364 | 0.546 | ||
| Present | 23 (27.1) | 12 (32.4) | ||
| Absent | 62 (72.9) | 25 (67.6) | ||
| Intratumor hemorrhage, No. (%) | 0.009 | 0.924 | ||
| Present | 20 (23.5) | 9 (24.3) | ||
| Absent | 65 (76.5) | 28 (75.7) | ||
| Intratumor fat, No. (%) | 1.059 | 0.303 | ||
| Present | 12 (14.1) | 8 (21.6) | ||
| Absent | 73 (85.9) | 29 (78.4) | ||
| Tumor encapsulation, No. (%) | 1.290 | 0.256 | ||
| Present | 53 (62.4) | 19 (51.4) | ||
| Absent | 32 (37.6) | 18 (48.6) | ||
| Arterial peritumoral enhancement, No. (%) | 1.395 | 0.238 | ||
| Present | 21 (24.7) | 13 (35.1) | ||
| Absent | 64 (75.3) | 24 (64.9) | ||
| Satellite nodule, No. (%) | 0.013 | 0.910 | ||
| Present | 8 (9.4) | 3 (8.1) | ||
| Absent | 77 (90.6) | 34 (91.9) | ||
| Arterial phase hyperenhancement, No. (%) | 1.445 | 0.229 | ||
| Present | 79 (92.9) | 37 (100.0) | ||
| Absent | 6 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Washout appearance, No. (%) | 0.133 | 0.715 | ||
| Present | 58 (68.2) | 24 (64.9) | ||
| Absent | 27 (31.8) | 13 (35.1) | ||
| Liver cirrhosis, No. (%) | 1.536 | 0.215 | ||
| Present | 56 (65.9) | 20 (54.1) | ||
| Absent | 29 (34.1) | 17 (45.9) |
Except where indicated, data are shown as numbers of patients, with percentages in parentheses. No significant difference was found between the training and validation cohorts, except for ECOG performance status. AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, γ-glutamyltranspeptadase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TBIL, total bilirubin; ALB, albumin; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer.