. 2021 Apr 13;8(4):e28479. doi: 10.2196/28479

Table 3.

Differences in mental health by region and state-level COVID-19 prevalence.

Characteristic		Stress^a			PTSD^b,c			Depression^d			Anxiety^e
		Mean (SD)	P value	Mean (SD)		P value	Mean (SD)		P value	Mean (SD)		P value
Region^f
	New England	18.31 (6.47)	.37	1.68 (0.89)		.82	8.92 (4.15)		.70	6.01 (3.75)		.36
	Mid-Atlantic	18.66 (6.46)	<.001	1.72 (0.91)		.62	9.13 (4.22)		.03	6.07 (3.81)		.07
	East North Central	17.75 (6.33)	.12	1.66 (0.90)		.56	8.81 (4.20)		.71	5.77 (3.62)		.40
	West North Central	17.92 (6.29)	.65	1.65 (0.87)		.56	8.86 (4.09)		.97	5.97 (3.82)		.51
	South Atlantic	17.81 (6.31)	.14	1.63 (0.87)		.06	8.51 (4.04)		<.001	5.73 (3.57)		.18
	East South Central	18.76 (6.87)	.14	1.67 (0.93)		.92	9.15 (4.43)		.34	5.92 (3.70)		.81
	West South Central	17.73 (6.43)	.24	1.62 (0.92)		.14	8.86 (4.24)		.96	5.67 (3.63)		.22
	Mountain West	18.03 (6.13)	.94	1.69 (0.86)		.56	8.94 (4.10)		.54	5.82 (3.47)		.73
	Pacific West	18.03 (6.14)	.88	1.70 (0.87)		.16	8.88 (4.06)		.79	5.88 (3.50)		.79
State COVID-19 prevalence^g
	High-prevalence state	18.23 (6.21)	.08	1.71 (0.86)		.004	8.89 (4.06)		.80	5.92 (3.60)		.20
	Low-prevalence state	17.97 (6.38)	N/A^h	1.65 (0.89)		N/A	8.86 (4.18)		N/A	5.81 (3.64)		N/A
Total, median (SD)		18.08 (6.31)	N/A	1.67 (0.89)		N/A	8.72 (4.13)		N/A	5.86 (3.62)		N/A

^aStress was measured using the total score on the Perceived Stress Scale.

^bPTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder.

^cPTSD was measured using mean scores on the Impact of Events Scale-6.

^dDepression was measured using the Depression subscale score on the Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale.

^eAnxiety was measured using the Anxiety subscale score on the Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale.

^fStates within each region are based on US Census divisions.

^gState-level COVID-19 prevalence is based on the number of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 at the time of the first survey distribution (April 22, 2020); high-prevalence states were California, Colorado, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Washington.

^hN/A: not applicable.