Table 2.
Association of CV Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and CVD With Cancer
| Cancer (n/N = 2,548/20,305) |
||
|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| CV risk factors∗ | ||
| Age | 2.12 (2.00−2.26) | <0.001 |
| Male | 1.39 (1.28−1.51) | <0.001 |
| SBP | 0.99 (0.94−1.03) | 0.49 |
| HTN treatment | 1.10 (1.00−1.22) | 0.06 |
| BMI | 1.03 (0.99−1.08) | 0.20 |
| DM | 1.10 (0.94−1.30) | 0.24 |
| Former smoker | 1.30 (1.18−1.43) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 1.74 (1.57−1.93) | <0.001 |
| TC/HDL | 0.96 (0.91−1.00) | 0.048 |
| Statin use | 0.92 (0.77−1.10) | 0.36 |
| Risk scores† | ||
| 10-yr ASCVD risk | 1.16 (1.14−1.17) | <0.001 |
| Low | Ref. | |
| Borderline | 1.88 (1.63−2.18) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 2.70 (2.44−3.00) | <0.001 |
| High | 3.71 (3.29−4.19) | <0.001 |
| Biomarkers∗ | ||
| NP tertile 1 | Ref. | ptrend = 0.02 |
| Tertile 2 | 1.10 (0.90−1.34) | 0.35 |
| Tertile 3 | 1.40 (1.02−1.91) | 0.035 |
| NP × time interaction‡ | 0.87 (0.81−0.95) | 0.001 |
| Continuous | 1.26 (1.12−1.41) | <0.001 |
| hs-cTn tertile 1 | Ref. | ptrend = 0.47 |
| Tertile 2 | 1.24 (1.01−1.53) | 0.043 |
| Tertile 3 | 1.16 (0.84−1.61) | 0.37 |
| hs-cTn × time interaction‡ | 0.95 (0.88−1.03) | 0.18 |
| Continuous | 1.10 (0.99−1.21) | 0.07 |
| Previous events∗ | ||
| CVD, n = 1,020 | 0.96 (0.82−1.12) | 0.61 |
| MI, n = 793 | 1.03 (0.87−1.22) | 0.71 |
| HF, n = 116 | 0.66 (0.37−1.17) | 0.15 |
| Interim events∗ | ||
| CVD, n = 1454 | 0.99 (0.85−1.16) | 0.91 |
| MI, n = 687 | 0.99 (0.79−1.25) | 0.95 |
| HF, n = 681 | 1.07 (0.84−1.36) | 0.59 |
CI = confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular; HF = heart failure; hs-cTn = high-sensitivity cardiac troponin; MI = myocardial infarction; NP = natriuretic peptide; other abbreviation as in Table 1.
Multivariable model adjusts for age, sex, SBP, HTN treatment, BMI, DM, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (TC/HDL), statin use, smoking status. HR (hazards ratio) per dichotomous variable or 1 SD increase in a continuous variable.
Continuous 10-yr ASCVD risk: HR per 5% increase in estimated 10-yr risk. ASCVD categories: HR of ASCVD risk category compared with ASCVD low-risk category.
Time interaction variable is displayed to account for violation of the proportionality hazards assumption,