Table 2.

Linear regression analysis of square rooted opioid prescribing rate, by rural/urban status.^‡

	All ZIP Codes N= 18,007		Urban ZIP Codes N=12,179		Rural ZIP Codes N=5,828
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Mode 4	Model 5	Model 6
Gini Index	0.304 (0.134)*	−0.099 (0.142)	0.183 (0.162)	−0.281 (0.173)	0.646 (0.250)*	0.274 (0.260)
Mediators
Residential Stability		−0.003 (0.001)***		−0.002 (0.001)***		−0.007 (0.001)***
Social Isolation		0.107 (0.016)***		0.130 (0.020)***		0.066 (0.028)*
Beneficiary/Prescriber Characteristics
Average Age of Beneficiaries	−0.106 (0.007)***	−0.107 (0.007)***	−0.128 (0.009)***	−0.125 (0.009)***	−0.061 (0.013)***	−0.058 (0.013)***
Percent Non-white Beneficiaries	−0.001 (0.000)*	−0.000 (0.001)	−0.001 (0.001)	0.000 (0.001)	−0.000 (0.001)	−0.001 (0.001)
Percent Female Beneficiaries	0.017 (0.002)***	0.015 (0.002)***	0.019 (0.003)***	0.017 (0.003)***	0.007 (0.004)	0.002 (0.004)
Percent Dual Beneficiaries	−0.003 (0.001)**	−0.006 (0.001)***	−0.005 (0.001)***	−0.008 (0.001)***	0.001 (0.002)	−0.001 (0.002)
Average HCC Score	0.153 (0.063)*	0.132 (0.063)*	0.236 (0.081)**	0.175 (0.082)*	0.080 (0.110)	0.064 (0.110)
Percent Doctors	0.019 (0.001)***	0.019 (0.001)***	0.023 (0.001)***	0.023 (0.001)***	0.014 (0.002)***	0.013 (0.002)***
Community Environment
Percent of Older Population without a High School Diploma	−0.005 (0.001)***	−0.006 (0.001)***	−0.005 (0.001)***	−0.006 (0.001)***	−0.006 (0.001)***	−0.007 (0.001)***
Percent of Employed Population in Natural Resources, Construction, and Maintenance	0.009 (0.001)***	0.008 (0.001)***	0.008 (0.002)***	0.008 (0.002)***	0.005 (0.002)**	0.005 (0.002)*
Percent of Older Married Population	−0.002 (0.001)**	0.002 (0.001)*	−0.003 (0.001)**	0.002 (0.001)	−0.001 (0.001)	0.001 (0.002)
Constant	8.785 (0.493)***	9.184 (0.496)***	10.271 (0.602)***	10.428 (0.603)***	5.892 (0.913)***	6.551(0.920)***x

^‡Bootstrapping standard errors are in the parentheses.

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001.