Table 3.

The PROCESS path analysis of square rooted opioid prescribing rate, by rural/urban status^✝

	Estimates	Boot. S.E.	Boot. LLCI	Boot. ULCI	Mediation percentage
(a) Model for All Zip Codes
Total effect	0.304	(0.134)	NA	NA	NA
Direct effect	−0.099	(0.170)	−0.435	0.236	NA
Mediating effect	0.404	(0.055)	0.294	0.513	NA
Through
Residential Stability	0.157	(0.037)	0.084	0.229	38.79
Social Isolation	0.247	(0.045)	0.161	0.336	61.23
(b) Model for Urban ZIP Codes
Total effect	0.184	(0.162)	NA	NA	NA
Direct effect	−0.281	(0.207)	−0.694	0.126	NA
Mediating effect	0.464	(0.075)	0.320	0.615	NA
Through
Residential Stability	0.159	(0.055)	0.053	0.267	34.20
Social Isolation	0.306	(0.058)	0.198	0.426	65.80
(c) Model for Rural ZIP Codes
Total effect	0.646	(0.250)	NA	NA	NA
Direct effect	0.274	(0.306)	−0.336	0.886	NA
Mediating effect	0.372	(0.086)	0.204	0.540	NA
Through
Residential Stability	0.256	(0.060)	0.145	0.382	68.92
Social Isolation	0.116	(0.058)	0.001	0.233	31.06

^✝If 0 is not included in the bootstrapping confidence interval, the estimated direct or indirect is significant. All models include all other covariates discussed in this study. NA = Not applicable. PROCESS does not yield bootstrapping confidence levels for total effects. Boot S.E.: Bootstrapping standard errors; Boot LLCI: Bootstrapping lower limit of 95% confidence interval; Boot ULCI: Bootstrapping upper limit of 95% confidence interval