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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 14.
Published in final edited form as: Econ J (London). 2017 Dec 20;128(616):3210–3241. doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12557

Table 3A -. Ethnic Groups.

Table 3A reports OLS estimates associating the share of Muslims with geographical variables. Observations are at the level of ethnic group, the sample is the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa). In all specifications the dependent variable is the share of Muslims in 2005 from World Religion Database. Column (1) includes the constant (not reported), while the remaining columns include a set of country fixed effects.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Distance to 600 AD Trade Routes −0.0652*** (0.0167) −0.1712*** (0.0190) −0.0997*** (0.0298) −0.1071*** (0.0328) −0.1151*** (0.0326)
Distance to Mecca −0.0791*** (0.0190) −0.0717*** (0.0221) −0.0596*** (0.0225)
Distance to the Coast −0.0343 (0.0603) −0.0370 (0.0585) −0.0411 (0.0594)
Absolute Latitude 0.0119** (0.0059) 0.0091 (0.0057) 0.0086* (0.0052)
Ln Gini Index of Land Quality 0.0333*** (0.0107) 0.0261** (0.0105)
Ln Average Land Quality −0.0275 (0.0173) −0.0278* (0.0158)
Ln Land Area −0.0026 (0.0058)
Ln Ruggedness 0.0083 (0.0105)
Irrigation Potential Indicator 0.0900*** (0.0304)
Presence of Desert Indicator 0.0576 (0.0419)
Country FE NO YES YES YES YES

Observations 3181 3181 3181 3181 3181
R-squared 0.05 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54

The Supplementary Appendix gives detailed definitions, data sources and summary statistics for all variables. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the country level. ***, **, and * indicate statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.