Table 5. The protective effects of C. longa and curcumin on neurotoxicity and PD .

Plants /Component	Doses	Model of study	Effects	Ref.
C. longa	560 mg/kg	Mice	Inhibition of the activity of dopamine metabolizing enzyme, MAOA in the brain	72
	0.001-0.4 mg/ml	SH-SY5Y cells	Amelioration of salsolinol-induced toxicity, reduction of mitochondria-derived ROS and down-regulation of caspase 3 activity	73
Curcumin	50-200 mg/kg	Mice	Increase of serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain tissues and enhancement of the antidepressant-like effect of classical antidepressants drugs	74
	5, 10 and 20 mg/kg	Rat	Increase of monoaminergic neurotransmitters content and up-regulation of derived neurotrophic factor BDNF , TrkB, and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases PI3K expression in hippocampal tissue	75,76
	50, 100, 200 mg/kg	Mice	Improvement of cognitive deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction	77
	50 and 100 mg/kg	Rat	Improvement of neurological deficits and increase the number of NeuN-labeled neurons in the ischemia reperfusion	78.79
	0.1, 1 and 10 µM	Rat	Inhibition of p-IRE1α, p-PERK and NLRP3 expression in hippocampus CA1 region	80
	5 and 10 μM	Cortical neurons	Improvement of cell viability and decreased neuronal apoptosis	82
	10 μm	MES23.5 cells	inhibition of 6-OHDA-induced NFκB transcription and ROS intracellular accumulation	83
	500nM	Rat	Inhibition of the MAOB activity with both the competitive and noncompetitive	85
	100 mg/kg	Rat	amelioration of muscular strength, increase of falling time, improvement of stride length of forelimb, hind limb; hind base and paw overlapping in rotenone-induced motor deficits. Attenuation of the decreasing effect of rotenone on glutathione level and function of dopaminergic system in striatum via increasing the level of dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.	86