. 2021 Mar 31;22(1):22.1.54. doi: 10.1128/jmbe.v22i1.2457

TABLE 2.

Comparison of First-Generation college students (1st-Gen) and Continuing students in response to survey questions focused on experience with remote learning (1–6), balancing home and school responsibilities (7–13) and financial challenges (14–19).

Survey Question	1st-Gen (N = 302) mean ± SE	Continuing (N = 479) mean ± SE	Z-score	p value
1. My transition to remote learning was easy	2.15 ± 0.047^a	2.26 ± 0.036^a	−2.298^a	0.022^a
2. I am satisfied with remote instruction	2.44 ± 0.042	2.46 ± 0.033	−0.707	0.479
3. Remote instruction increased my workload	2.87 ± 0.045^a	2.7 ± 0.035^a	−3.091^a	0.002^a
4. Remote instruction reduces my ability to succeed	2.85 ± 0.045	2.89 ± 0.037	−0.486	0.627
5. Access to technology reduces my ability to participate in remote instruction	2.42 ± 0.050^a	1.92 ± 0.037^a	−7.593^a	0.000^a
6. Remote instruction during COVID increased my interest in taking more remote classes	2.08 ± 0.052	1.95 ± 0.039	−1.899	0.058
7. I work more (e.g., employment) now than before COVID-19.	2.29 ± 0.050^a	2.12 ± 0.037^a	−2.927^a	0.003^a
8. I have less time to devote to my schoolwork	2.67 ± 0.050^a	2.33 ± 0.037^a	−5.458^a	0.000^a
9. I have less ability to focus on my schoolwork	3.43 ± 0.042	3.33 ± 0.036	−1.63	0.103
10. I live with other students engaged in remote learning (Yes=1, No=2)	1.41 ± 0.027	1.44 ± 0.022	−0.934	0.350
11. I help my siblings or other members of my household with remote learning	2.88 ± 0.057^a	2.34 ± 0.044^a	−7.488^a	0.000^a
12. It is harder for me to balance schoolwork with my household responsibilities	3.17 ± 0.049^a	2.85 ± 0.039^a	−5.314^a	0.000^a
13. My living situation limits my ability to participate in remote instruction	2.71 ± 0.051^a	2.29 ± 0.039^a	−6.642^a	0.000^a
14. Prior to COVID-19 my family was financially secure	2.76 ± 0.037^a	3.26 ± 0.030^a	−10.294^a	0.000^a
15. My household has financial resources to cover expenses for the next 2–3 months	2.43 ± 0.047^a	3.07 ± 0.036^a	−10.441^a	0.000^a
16. My family has health insurance (Yes=1, No=2)	1.28 ± 0.025^a	1.06 ± 0.010^a	−8.896^a	0.000^a
17. My access to quality food was better at school	2.89 ± 0.051^a	2.67 ± 0.039^a	−3.513^a	0.000^a
18. How COVID-19 impacted food availability in your household (Decrease=1, No Change=2, Increase=3)	1.80 ± 0.034^a	1.91 ± 0.023^a	−3.032^a	0.002^a
19. How COVID-19 impacted food quality in your household (Decrease=1, No Change=2, Increase=3)	1.66 ± 0.032^a	1.83 ± 0.021^a	−4.720^a	0.000^a

Except where noted, means are reported where 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, and 4=strongly agree. Differences in response distributions was determined using a 2-tailed Mann-Whitney test, using a significance threshold of 0.05; all significant comparisons are in bold.

Negative outcomes.